CJA304 Effective Communication In Criminal Justice Settings

Effective Communication in a Criminal Justice Settings Option 3 YOUR NAME HERE CJA/304 03/02/2015 In the criminal justice system, a police officer’s ability to communicate is one of the most important traits an officer can have. Police officers communicate with everyone from the public to peers, arrestees, victim and suspect families, and court personnel. A police officer must determine the most effective way to communicate, using several different methods, with everyone without offending or sounding weak. Public Announcements to the Press Police officers deal with the public on a constant basis. Many times, police officers will have to address the public in a professional, staged appearance. Public announcements can be in person,†¦show more content†¦It is important for the police officer to understand the questions the attorneys ask (Wallace Roberson, p. 115, 2009). It is appropriate for an officer to ask for clarification if he or she fails to understand the wording of the questions (Wallace Roberson, p. 115, 2009). A police officer must remember the court records his or her testimony in a written transcript, and sometimes by audio recording. The officer must master communicating orally when testifying in court because a stenographer cannot and will not type hand gestures, nods, shrugs, etc. (Wallace Roberson, p. 115, 2009). It is important for the police officer to remember they are in a court of law, and he or she represents his or her agency. The police officer must s how respect for the court, the judge, the prosecutor, and the defense attorney. A jury may look poorly upon a rude, belligerent, and disrespectful officer. Disrespect for the court could result in administrative reprimand or contempt charges. Appellate courts use written trial transcript when they review a lower-court ruling. The appellate courts do not review or see new evidence; therefore, it is imperative for a corrections officer to do his or her part in practicing effective oral communication. A police officer appearance is also important when testifying in court. An officer’s appearance is the first thing a jury sees, and the jury will judge the officer on his or her appearance. An officer should have

The Telecommuting and Its Effects Free Essays

On September 20, 1994, some 32,000 ATT employees stayed home. They weren†t sick or on strike. They were telecommuting. We will write a custom essay sample on The Telecommuting and Its Effects or any similar topic only for you Order Now Employees ranging from the CEO to phone operators were part of an experiment that involved 100,000 people. It†s purpose? To explore how far a vast organization could go in transforming the workplace by moving the work to the worker instead of the worker to work. Today ATT is just one of many organizations pioneering the alternative workplace (AW-also known as telecommuting) – the combination of nontraditional work practices, settings, and locations that is beginning to supplement traditional offices (Apgar, 121). According to IDC/Link Resources, New York, approximately 8 million Americans currently telecommute. A survey conducted by Olsten Corp., Melville, N.Y., reports that 62 percent of North American companies encourage telecommuting (Riggs, 46). In addition, research shows about 50% of all employees either have a job that lends itself to telecommuting or want to get involved in telecommuting. Most researchers agree that telecommuting growth is fastest in companies employing more than 1,000 and in those with under 10 employees (Harler, 26). Telecommuting came into existence out of necessity. First, increasing global competition has brought pressures and opportunities to businesses, consultants, and service vendors. As a result, the Yankee Group predicts that as many as 80 percent of all employers will have to adopt remote work in order to compete in world markets by mid-to late nineties (Manire, 51). Second, the Information Age necessitates that companies move faster and thus act and react to business conditions sooner. Third, telecommuting has been increasingly enforced at state and federal levels due to the Clean Air Act (CAA) of 1970, as amended in 1990. The CAA affects any firm with over 100 employees in areas with â€Å"severe ozone attainment levels†, which covers every good-sized city in the nation (Harler, 27). The Impact of the Internet on Telecommuting The Internet is widely becoming part of the plan when implementing and integrating telecommuting solutions. The Internet can add a powerful dimension to the management of both internal and external information functions and strengthen the organization†s human resource management information systems. Communicating Internally. The Internet is redefining how we communicate at all organizational levels – with individuals, teams and groups, and the corporation†s entire labor force (Kuzmits and Santos, 35). While the Internet is not about to eliminate phones, fax machines, or the U.S. postal service, it will gradually wean us from our reliance on traditional forms of communication, and will reduce the need to conduct one of the biggest time-wasters: face-to-face meetings. This can be effectively achieved by using e-mail, which reduces toll charges on phone calls and rounds of frustrating attempts via voice mail. Internet â€Å"phones†, while limited, currently allows for free communication without the toll charges of traditional phone networks (Kuzmits and Santos, 36). Communicating Externally. With the Internet†s links to millions of computers across the world, human resource professionals can now tap into a rich array of external information resources. There are numerous links to human resources and management associations, consultants, research organizations, and local, state, and federal government organizations. Publishers of human resource information and journals are also on the Internet, providing an important source of articles on current human resources issues and trends (Kuzmits and Santos, 37). Telecommuting provides many benefits to both employers and employees. Telecommuting increase productivity, decrease office space (and thus fixed costs), improved morale, and absenteeism. Disabled workers can benefit enormously from working at home, and can save companies some of the costs of in-depth compliance with the American Disabilities Act (Harler, 27). In addition, the following benefits could be derived: Achievement of the balance between work and personal time Geographic dispersion of staff resources (Berhard, 22). Implements a means to distribute resources strategically and accommodate customers with measurable satisfaction ratios (Berhard, 22). Achieve new levels of operational efficiency Contemporary trend toward executive management using remote connectivity for video conferencing and global access to mission-critical application systems (Berhard, 22). Gives companies an edge in vying for – and keeping – talented, highly motivated employees. In addition, compensation will eventually be changed to reflect the new work environment. The valued role of incentive rewards may increase as a result of the extra hours that employees are now clocking (Hein, 9). Closer teamwork and greater flexibility (Apgar, 127). Value that employees place on increased personal time and control (Apgar, 127). There are also numerous issues and disadvantages to telecommuting that human resources should be aware of and anticipate. Among these include: Human Resources should be able to handle ending an AW relationship, especially if the company feels it must eliminate a person from its program for poor performance. There is difficulty in anticipating deterioration in the employee†s at-home situation. For example, a divorce can result in the company losing an established office address, phone and fax number. What processes is or should be in place to assure invoices or work documents delivered to the former home are forwarded to the new location? Cost considerations for the telecommuter go above the basic infrastructure requirement. Integrating telecommuting into the corporate culture involves cautiously estimating personnel considerations, support issues, long-term investment strategy and productivity standards. Higher recurring expenses and a steeper cost impact to support remote computing. Corporations must start investing capital dollars in security economics-the analyzed loss of corporate information as a result of data piracy. Proper planning and careful review of security procedures helps corporations overcome this problem. The alternative workplace provides both tremendous tangible and intangible benefits. However, as most economists would point out, â€Å"There†s no such thing as a free lunch†. There are many human resources problems and issues that must be addressed before telecommuting can be optimally and positively impacted. Examining the Obstacles to Telecommuting First, companies wishing to utilize telecommuting should uncover any potential obstacles that could deter or impact its effectiveness. During the planning process for telecommuting, it is important to brainstorm to uncover any possible problems or threats. In addition, access to the Internet, inappropriate transmission of potentially offensive materials and electronic mail are also concerns for companies wishing to deploy telecommuting should address (Courtenay, 67). Among the potential obstacles that must be overcome include ingrained behaviors, cultural and system improvements, and legal and tax ramifications. Ingrained behaviors and practical hurdles make telecommuting hard to implement (Apgar, 121). This may result in employees who will resist the effort to this new paradigm. A special concern for human resources should be old-line managers. Old-line managers are one of the biggest obstacles to the alternative workplace. The problem is they manage by observation, not by results (Harler, 27). Managing both the cultural changes and the system improvements required by and AW initiative are substantial (Apgar, 121). Human Resources must â€Å"retool† to support the new type of employee. For example, at Levi Strauss. A family task force was created to assist in reconciling between work and family life. The task force was formed to examine the changing needs of employees in terms of flex time, part-time jobs and other issues. The task force, which meets monthly, is chaired by the CEO, a fact that underscores its credibility and organizational priority (Riggs, 47). Among the system improvements include time management. Managers in an AW environment, particularly one in which employees work from a distance, must also pay close attention to time management. Failure to do so will severely impact the workflow of a telecommuter (Apgar, 128). Companies should look at the legal and tax ramifications of a corporate telecommuting program. Among those legal issues that must be addressed include insurance, liability and workers compensation, and local legal and union issues. What would happen if company owned property is stolen or damaged from a worker†s home? Does the worker†s homeowners insurance cover it, or does the employer? While liability and workers compensation is a concern for employers, the issues have not been totally defined, and therefore not worth of much worry. In addition, court cases have not defined this area (Harler, 28). When companies research local legal issues, they should particularly look at zoning in the employee†s hometown. Some condominium bylaws, for example, forbid working out of the home (Harler, 28). How to cite The Telecommuting and Its Effects, Essay examples

Race - Ethnicity and the Criminal Justice

Question: Describe about race, ethnicity and the criminal justice? Answer: A number of problems have been raised by the ethnic minorities in the UK while dealing with the criminal justice system. Although, similar research has not been done regarding the experience of ethnic minorities within the civil justice system, however, when it comes to the criminal justice system, research has been conducted regarding the experience of the ethnic minorities while dealing with the criminal justice system. Such research has been conducted by the government as well as academic researchers and the findings of these researchers continue to show that the ethnic minorities are having a negative experience, when it comes to enforcement and sentencing (Hood 1992; Home Office 2003). In the present literature review, the major issues that are faced by the ethnic minorities are discussed, and also the significant lessons that can be learned from him the research conducted on this topic and what are the implications for policy and practice. It was the Race Relations Act, 1965 that had tried to deal with the issue of racial discrimination for the first time. This legislation was further strengthened by the Race Relations Act, 1976. According to the English law, racial discrimination can be described as the less favorable treatment of an individual as compared to any other individual on the grounds of a perceived racial or ethical difference. Regardless of the nature of such a treatment, merely the fact of a difference one part of the victim is sufficient for making the treatment unlawful. In the same way, according to the Race Relations (Amendment) Act, 2000, now it is unlawful for any public authority to discriminate on these grounds while performing its functions. In this way, are positive duty has been imposed on public bodies for promoting race equality and also considering the need of eliminating racial discrimination and promoting equal opportunity and got real relations among the people belonging to raise ethnic g roups. Ethnic minorities and criminal justice system: Various studies have been conducted for the purpose of exploring the genuine issues that have an impact on the ethnic minorities while dealing with the criminal justice system, especially regarding the courts. In this regard, three significant aspects need to be considered. The first issue explores the apparent link or otherwise between race and crime. Similarly the second aspect analyzes the evidence regarding the presence of racism in the criminal justice system. The entire aspect looks at the research that has been conducted regarding the experience of ethnic minorities in the courts. The interaction of a person with the criminal justice system starts with the police. Due to this reason, it can be said that police has much more direct impact on the life of the people as compared to any other enforcement agency working at the Home Office. In this regard, Parekh Report 2000, p. 112 states that the frustration that can be found among certain ethnic minorities can be attributed to the criminalisation and the harassment of these groups on one hand and also to the inadequate attention that is paid to raise crime and behavior. It needs to be noted that indeed the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry (1999) had pointed out towards institutional racism that can be found in large organizations from the public sector like the Metropolitan Police Service. Although, it did not face hostile reaction from the various police authorities and also from the public policy experts but it is quite clear that in context of ethnic minorities, stop and searches as well as custodial deaths are rising (Bowling and Phillips 2003) It needs to be noted that first of all the ethnic minorities settled in the inner cities of Britain and the racialisation that was faced by them, also had an impact on the way in which the host committee labeled them as criminals but at the same time, at another level, it also affected the way how they were victimised, resulting in the emergence of concerns that had an effect on the ethnic minorities at different levels of the criminal justice system. In this regard it needs to be noted that there are three key areas that should be in focus while analyzing major issues faced by the ethnic minorities in their interaction with the criminal justice system. These are deconstructing offending, over policing and sentences pronounced to these communities. Deconstructing offending: Till the mid-1970s, people from African, Caribbean and South Asian communities were not considered anyone criminally inclined than the white people. However the situation changed dramatically when the rates of arrests increased after confrontations between the police and the African Caribbean groups. These rising arrests provided the basis for the 'black criminality' that started to be associated with the culture of African Caribbean people. On the other hand, while originally the South Asians were considered as passive and introverts and having strong family ties but recently, a thinking had arisen according to which it has been suggested that the Asian gang is less conformist and go to any extent to protect, what is considered as their territorial rights. For example the disturbances that took place in North England during 2001 clearly reveal the increasing labeling of the South Asian youth as being criminals (Kundnani 2001). The media also plays a significant role of certain groups start to be perceived as criminally inclined or otherwise. A lot of social constructionist carried out by the press and at the same time, it also overemphasizes the cultural differences or it may exaggerate the rate of criminal activity among these communities (Hall, 1978). Therefore the notion of creating 'folk devils' is not a new phenomenon in the British Society. For example, historically the Jews, Russians and the Irish were considerably criminalised (Cohen 1972). Therefore, in terms of reporting off the ethnic minorities, it is probably not very surprising that on many occasions, the news create the images of ethnic minorities that are related with controversy, conflict and violence (Cottle, 2000). In the same way, presently the African Caribbean as well as the South Asians along with the asylum-seekers and refugees are treated as the criminal ethnic minority underclass. In this way, the process of attribute in negative labels to people results in making real on what the invention of this characterization is based upon. For example, the results of the Home Office Citizenship Survey that was conducted in 2003 revealed that after the people who believed that prejudice has increased in the present times, 55% of these people have cited prejudice again st the refugees or the asylum-seekers. In the same way, 18% give examples of the prejudice that took place against the new immigrants (Home Office, 2004). At the same time, different studies have revealed that the ethnic minorities like the applicant Koreans and the South Asians are more likely to be cautioned and in the same way, they are also more likely to be stopped and searched by the police or even arrested and eventually sentenced. In this way, the myth turns into reality (Home Office, 2004). Over-policing ethnic minorities: During the last four decades, several examples can be found how adverse a real attitude emerged between the ethnic minorities and the police. For example during the 1980s, the rising instances of stop and searches by the police remain the focus of attention. Even at present, the members of ethnic minority communities are more likely to be stopped by the police. In the same way, these stops are more likely to end in search that is more intrusive in nature, for example strip-search and clothing (Newburn and Hayman 2001). Particularly after the September 11 environment, these instances have been rising. After the beginning of the 'war on terror', it appears that the South Asian Muslim men are being over targeted (Kundnani, 2004). At the same time, the experiences mentioned above also have an impact on the way in which the members of the ethnic minority communities are processed by the criminal justice system and especially in case of prosecutions. After an arrest has been made, the case file is sent to the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS). On the basis of the strength of the evidence that is available in the case, the prosecutors have to consider if realistic chances of conviction are present in the case or not. However, the studies conducted in this regard have established that generally the Crown Prosecution Service is less likely to go ahead with the prosecutions related with the members of the ethnic minorities as compared to the ethnic majorities, both in the form of perpetuators and also as victims (Phillips and Brown 1998). It has also been seen that when these cases proceed to the court of law, it has been revealed that the members of ethnic minority communities have a higher rate of acquittal as compa red to the members of ethnic majorities, which is consistent with the termination rate at the level of Crown Prosecution Service. In this way, the findings of these studies established that having impartiality at the early stage of the process is very significant. The biases that have been mentioned above potentially reflect the arrest procedures but at the same time, as stated by the Denman Inquiry (2001), the Crown Prosecution Service can also be held responsible for being involved in institutional racism. In this context it has been said that the discrimination against the defendants from ethnic minority communities takes place as a result of the failure to correct the bias in the charging decisions made by the police and also by allowing disproportionate number of weaker cases against the defendants of ethnic minority communities to go to trial. Sentencing: in a classic study conducted by Hoods (1992) that was titled as Race and Sentencing, the effect of racism and discrimination on the sentencing pattern was considered. On the basis of the research conducted during the 1980s concerning five Crown Courts, it was revealed that more members of the African Caribbean community as compared to the whites or the South Asians were sentenced to custody by the courts of West Midlands. As a result, the question arose if the factors like prior record or different type of criminal activity can account for the differences that were present in this regard. It was found in this study that keeping in view these controls, the defendants from the African Caribbean community were nearly 20% more likely to be sent to custody by the courts. In this regard, no other systematic study has taken place that considers the effect of race on the issue of sentencing. However the Home Office regularly publishes statistics related with the sentencing practices adopted in the Crown Courts and by the Magistrates' Courts. On the basis of this statistics, it can be said that generally the ethnic minorities are not treated negatively by the Magistrates' Courts however, on the basis of the nature of offense, the South Asians were considerably more likely to be sent to custody (Flood-Page and Mackie 1998). However the recent data published by the Home Office suggests that no evidence is present regarding any difference between the rate of custody between different groups. On the other hand, in context of the decisions given by the Crown Court, related with violent offenses, the offenders from the African Caribbean community were much more likely to be given custodial sentences. In the same way, when it comes to prison populations, it was found that the members of the ethnic minorities, particularly the African Caribbeans were overrepresented. At the same time, the Home Office statistics also reveal that the African Caribbean prisoners were more likely to be much younger as compared to the whites (Home Office, 2003). In this way, the present literature review reveals how significantly different experiences are faced by the ethnic minority communities. These broad observations are significant when the overall experience of the ethnic minorities with the criminal justice system has to be considered. References Bowling, Ben and Coretta Phillips (2003) Racial victimization in England and Wales, in: Darnell F. Hawkins (Ed.) Violent Crime: Assessing Race and Ethnic Differences, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Cohen, Stanley (1972) Folk Devils and Moral Panics: The Creation of Mods and Rockers, London: Martin Robertson Cottle, Simon (2000) (Ed) Ethnic minorities and the media: changing cultural boundaries, Buckingham: Open University Press Denman, S. (2001) The Denham Report Race Discrimination in the Crown Prosecution Service, London: Crown Prosecution Service Hall, Stuart (1978) Policing the Crisis: Mugging the State and Law and Order, London: Macmillan Home Office (2003) Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System: A Home Office publication under Section 95 of the Criminal Justice Act 1991, London: Home Office Home Office (2004) Home Office Citizenship Survey: People, Families and Communities, London: Home Office Research Study 289 Hood, Roger (1992) Race and Sentencing: A Study in the Crown Court, Oxford: Clarendon Press Hood, Roger (1992) Race and Sentencing: A Study in the Crown Court, Oxford: Clarendon Press. Kundnani, Arun (2001) From Oldham to Bradford: the violence of the violated, The Three Faces of British Racism: Race and Class, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 41-60 Kundnani, Arun (2004) Analysis: the war on terror leads to racial profiling, Institute of Race Relations News. https://www.irr.org.uk/2004/july/ak000006.html. Accessed 04 February 2005 Macpherson, William (1999) The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry. Report of an Inquiry by Sir William Macpherson of Cluny, Cm. 4262-I, London: Stationary Office Newburn, Tim Stephanie Hayman (2001) Policing, Surveillance and Social Control: CCTV and Police Monitoring of Suspects, Cullumpton, Devon: Willan Phillips, Coretta David Brown (1998) Entry into the Criminal Justice System: a Survey of Police Arrests and Their Outcomes, Home Office Research Study no. 185, London: Home Office

Tanglewood Case 1 Essay Example For Students

Tanglewood Case 1 Essay The following will discuss the Human Resource functions of Tanglewood Stores. The paper will discuss the staffing strategies required by Tanglewood in order to maintain its corporate culture and niche market while remaining competitive. The paper suggests strategic staffing decisions regarding the nine staffing levels and four factors of staffing quality. Acquire or Develop Talent According to the text, if Tanglewood wants to achieve a full acquisition strategy then Tanglewood is going to have to acquire new talent. This seems to be the best strategy for Tanglewood because it is already evident judging from the case that there is an inconsistency in management styles between toe original stores and the newly acquired stores. The argument for acquiring new talent is that new employees hit the ground running and are at their peak the moment they arrive. This is the kind of performance Tanglewood needs during and acquisition period. It assures that the newly acquired stores start on the right path without resentment or employees, particularly managers, who resist. We will write a custom essay on Tanglewood Case 1 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now For existing stores, Tanglewood should take on a development approach. Acquiring from within is always a good way to maintain a productive workforce. When employees believe that there are opportunities for advancement they are usually more motivated to achieve the organizational goals. This approach could be beneficial because Tanglewood wants its employees to be self sufficient and think like managers. Hire Yourself or Outsource Tanglewood should continue to hire its own employees. The reason being is that Tanglewood has a niche that requires a certain kind of individual. In order to ensure that these individuals are the right matches it is best that Tanglewood screen and identify the appropriate hires. Though it is important for Tanglewood to have the final say on who’s hired, Tanglewood could outsource some functions in the recruiting process to companies such as yahoo, monster, and CareerBuilder to build a pool of candidates. External or Internal Hiring Tanglewood should adapt an acquire from within approach first and resort to an external candidate as an alternative option. When organizations acquire from within it gives its employees a sense of belonging. Employees see room for advancement and become motivated. When there are opportunities for advancement, employees began to think long-term. This mode of thinking from employees is beneficial to Tanglewood because Tanglewood can now foster its culture into generations of employees; maintaining the family oriented culture of Tanglewood alive. Core or Flexible Workforce Tanglewood should maintain a core workforce. A core workforce is better for Tanglewood because it is in a niche market with a unique company culture, which differentiates Tanglewood from its competitors. In the beginning a flexible workforce may seem to cut cost but when factor in the additional training cost and the lack of motivation from the employee, it advantages and disadvantages even out. Hire or Retain Tanglewood such try to decrease the turnover rate as much as possible by adopting an employee retention plan. A retention plan is important to Tanglewood because it helps to avoid employee turnover and associated costs: hiring and training expenses, productivity loss, lost customers, diminished business, and damaged morale among remaining members of the workforce. National or Global It clear that Tanglewood should only be concerned with a national approach in the near future. Tanglewood’s operations are primarily on the west coast and in the Southwestern Territories. At this point Tanglewood isn’t necessarily global; there is plenty of untapped territory in the United States that Tanglewood has yet to explore. Attract or Relocate Even though Tanglewood has a niche in the market the organization should still be able to attract a qualified workforce. Tanglewood is in the retail industry, which doesn’t require specified or task specific workforce. .ue0d5c2b570bbaeb913486931e20db515 , .ue0d5c2b570bbaeb913486931e20db515 .postImageUrl , .ue0d5c2b570bbaeb913486931e20db515 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue0d5c2b570bbaeb913486931e20db515 , .ue0d5c2b570bbaeb913486931e20db515:hover , .ue0d5c2b570bbaeb913486931e20db515:visited , .ue0d5c2b570bbaeb913486931e20db515:active { border:0!important; } .ue0d5c2b570bbaeb913486931e20db515 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue0d5c2b570bbaeb913486931e20db515 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue0d5c2b570bbaeb913486931e20db515:active , .ue0d5c2b570bbaeb913486931e20db515:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue0d5c2b570bbaeb913486931e20db515 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue0d5c2b570bbaeb913486931e20db515 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue0d5c2b570bbaeb913486931e20db515 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue0d5c2b570bbaeb913486931e20db515 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue0d5c2b570bbaeb913486931e20db515:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue0d5c2b570bbaeb913486931e20db515 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue0d5c2b570bbaeb913486931e20db515 .ue0d5c2b570bbaeb913486931e20db515-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue0d5c2b570bbaeb913486931e20db515:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Life Of Charlemagne EssayThe workers and managers are pretty much the same as any other worker or manager in any other department store around the country; the only different is can they adhere to the corporate policies and procedures of Tanglewood. Overstaff or Understaff The organization should continue to do what it’s doing; which is overstaffing. There are an abundance of department managers and assistant mangers that aren’t completely necessary. But by doing so, Tanglewood can benefit by having a stockpile of talent. In other words having replacement in place incase of turnover, retirement or promotion. Stores are also equipped with staff for peak season shopping. Short/Long Term Focus Tanglewood’s focus should be long-term. A long-term focus is best for Tanglewood’s niche market and cultural differentiations because Tanglewood has to invest in their employees in order for them to live up to the Tanglewood standard. Time spent on training and interviews can be costly if Tanglewood adopted a short-term approach. Though turnover is still a reality, being overstaffed will address those immediate issues regarding turnover. Person/Jobs or Person/Organization Match Tanglewood should use a Person/Organization Match approach to the hiring process. This approach to hiring seems to be more suitable for Tanglewood’s unique corporate culture. For instance, Tanglewood’s associates are trained to help out in various positions and think as a team versus an individual, so in positions such as the associate positions, job descriptions may become altered from time to time. Specific or General KSAOs Tanglewood should hire employees with more specific KSAOs. The reasons are because Tanglewood is in a niche market and is targeting a middle and upper class consumer. Employees should have knowledge of the products they work with. If Tanglewood is going to be the premier camping supply store then maybe the organization wants to hire someone with outdoors experience. Tanglewood wants to hire people with good people skills and customer service skills. Last but not least, Tanglewood wants employees who are team players and who aren’t hung up on personal achievement. Exceptional or Acceptable Workforce Quality Exceptional workforce quality is a better strategy for Tanglewood than acceptable workforce quality for many reasons. First, Tanglewood’s target market is middle to upper class consumers. The company employs reasonable pricing and a strategy of differentiation. Tanglewood also differentiate itself from the competition by having a large camping and outdoor living section in each store, having an outdoor theme, and by having a personable sales staff. Having exceptional workforce quality means hiring associates that will be passionate about Tanglewood and in providing excellent customer service. This strong customer service focus will encourage repeat visits to the store and allow the company to stand out among the competition by being a customer favorite. Active or Passive Diversity Tanglewood should actively address diversity. Organizations employing a diverse workforce can supply a greater variety of solutions to problems in service, sourcing, and allocation of resources. Employees from diverse backgrounds bring individual talents and experiences in suggesting ideas that are flexible in adapting to fluctuating markets and customer demands. For instance, Tanglewood has store in some areas heavily populated with Hispanics. If Tanglewood took advantage of the skills of Hispanic employees, it could assist with language barriers when dealing with Hispanic consumers. In conclusion, Tanglewood has some good ideas regarding the corporate culture. Tanglewood believes in adding value to its employees because in return the organization will gain an exceptional workforce. With the rapid growth of Tanglewood will be well of with their Human Resource strategy if the organization adapts an acquire from within policy, engage in active diversity, retain a core workforce and both acquire and develop talent. This will bring about a motivated workforce capable of maintaining Tanglewood’s culture.

How Digital Technology Influences Art

How Digital Technology Influences Art Introduction Digital technology has become part of the everyday life in the world. Various sectors such as music industries have faced the problem of responding to the speedy developments in digital technology. In the world of arts, digital technology changes every day especially in media convergence technologies and digitalisation of production.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How Digital Technology Influences Art specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gà ¼ndà ¼z (2012, p. 202) confirms how digital technology factors have become the engine through which the wheels of art and design revolve all across the world. This advancement has made it very difficult for any country in the world to do without digital technology in its arts industry. Various economies have therefore put in place mechanisms to counter the effect of the digital revolution to keep abreast with technological changes. This section of the paper discusses t he impacts of digital technology on the world of arts. It has reduced Expenditure Digital technology has cut down the expenditure of producing art works thus improving accessibility by many people. Just the way the use of cars, motorbikes, and airplanes has increased the speed of travelling, with people reaching their destinations without much efforts, the digital technology has lessened the efforts that people had to put on walking or running to production studios and to areas where artists portray their work. According to Bhattacharjee et al. (2009, p. 140), the art industry, which used to produce its work manually thus using much funds, has increased the speed of production with less efforts and expenses due to digital technology. Since works of art are now produced at a lower cost, it has also become easier for masses to access this work because prices are also lower in the market. Technology reduces production expenditure hence making production expenses cheaper. Constaninides (2004, p. 115) also points out that digital technology has lessened the efforts that producers and consumers put in accessing raw materials and products consecutively. Artists can currently access raw materials for their business from the internet thus cutting on travelling costs. It has expanded the Amount of Artwork that One Artist can do With digital technology in place, one artist can do several activities at the same time. According to Van House (2011, p. 125), an artist can sing on a digital audio recorder, play some digital accompaniments, and dance at the same time. Digital technology enhances efficiency of the whole process of producing artwork.Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Writing of scripts, a stage that was very cumbersome to most artwork producers, has been made easy by the inception of digital technology. Constaninides (2004, p. 112) argues that a lot of informati on is available for artists on the internet and other educative media. From such sites, artists learn how to improve their multi-tasking skills. According to Faye et al. (2012, p. 147), reduction of manual work has also enabled the disabled artists to take part in arts through the digital technology. Recording of artwork was also a cumbersome activity in the past. However, with digital technology, an artist can record a multiplicity of episodes in one day. According to Bhattacharjee et al. (2009, p. 140), today, digital cameras, audio devices and recorders, and editing programs are in place. They have improved the quality of the products that come from artwork. Digital technology makes images and pictures clearer, attractive, and clean for the consumers despite having been produced simultaneously. Accessibility of cost effective machines and gadgets for example Digital Versatile Discs players (DVD) and video players though which consumers can access products of art has also enabled the artist to produce more. For artists who involve themselves in drawing and designing, digital technology has enabled them to produce their products in bulk. Digital technology has also improved on the quality of artwork that artists produce. It has improved the Capacity of Artists to show up their expected Designs Digital technology has widened consumer platform. With a wider consumer contact point, artists can access millions of consumers hence providing the right information and impression about their products directly to them. These platforms include televisions channels, cinema, video players, social media, and the internet among others. As the number of platforms increases, the number of audiences that the artists have also increases. It is also possible that digital technology provides more elaborative information about an artist. Consumers are therefore more informed. Hence, they can make the right choices in picking products. Faye et al. (2012, p. 147) affirm that even th e visually impaired artists can display their products through the help of the digital technology.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on How Digital Technology Influences Art specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Live recording and presentation programs such as programs on beauty pageants competitions that are televised live are an opportunity for designers to show up their designs (Van House 2011, p. 125). Artists can now televise, record, and sell various works of arts including martial arts as videos. Through digital technology, the artist can now reach almost every person who accesses the new media. The audience has also been empowered through digital technology. Foss (2001) argues that the media has been so active in monitoring the behaviour and conduct of leaders in various nations. Artists have become opinion leaders due to their fame and acceptance as celebrities. Most of the people would want to be achievers in certai n areas just as the artists. When the audience accesses information about immorality or underperformance of their favourite artists on the digital platforms, they are empowered to change their opinions about them and even to stop consuming their products. In fact, digital technology provides a better platform in which the audience can interact, scrutinise, and even criticise the artist. However, uncontrolled access to the websites of these artists can be problematic. Moore argues, â€Å"Identifying and accessing various resources of network system can allow a way into confidential documents or even databases† (2005, p.258). Cyber crimes have intensified with growth in digitalisation. Therefore, digital communication technology has brought the power of people-to-people. Artists have become very powerful and influential across the world. Almost every commercial advertisement, political advertisement, charity, and even religious advertisement is using artists as product ambassad ors thus increasing their platforms. Aghion and Tirole (1997) also affirm that people are also exchanging information through the social networks about how various celebrities are conducting themselves. For example, a gospel artist whom a company has adopted and paid to advertise and become the product ambassador for a product or a program that is sponsored by a beer or cigarette company is likely to be criticised and mocked on the social media. Similar complains and ridicules have been raised on televisions and radios through call-ins from the audience. Digital technology has therefore increased the platform for the audience to monitor the lives of artists. Foss (2001) insists that various artists and art companies have established websites that they post information about themselves and their programs for the citizens.Advertising Looking for essay on art? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The consumers of artwork who prefer plays, songs, paintings, and martial arts can also access any information they want from such websites. This possibility is a great response to digital communication exploration in the world today. Digital technology has paved a way for artists to speak to wider spectators Spectators are the target markets for all artists. They can watch the artists live on televisions and on the internet as they perform on stage. According to Marchese (2011, p. 302), although most of the spectators may not be in a position to travel to the venues of the concerts and exhibitions, they can become part of the program through digital communication. As artists display their products and talents, many more spectators are now able to access the proceedings in real time. In fact, some people become spectators and fans through accident. As one scrolls through the channels, he or she is likely to find such a program proceedings. If the work of art is interesting, educative , or entertaining, the audience becomes part of the spectators of such an artist. Digital technology increases the number of spectators. Marchese (2011, p. 302) argues that the response to digital technology in arts that is clearly visible in most countries is the development of e-commerce. E-commerce enables artists to market and sell their products to a wider market. With e-commerce, the artist does not have to meet one-on-one with the customer. All the transactions can be done online. Calvo and Monge (2009, p. 281) argue that many countries of the world have realised that trading in arts especially in the current world of digitalisation cannot escape the impact of modern technology. DRozario and Bryant (2013, p. 9) confirm that the adoption of digital technology by most nations of the world today has made the world of economics a small business village. One can trade and even converse with his or her fans that are in a far continent. Constaninides (2004, p. 112) argues that digit al technology has eliminated the geographical boundaries between trading partners such as artists, their fans, art firms, and their fans hence reducing transport cost and increasing the quality and quantity of information flow between parties. Calvo and Monge (2009, p. 281) argue that, in the United States, a spectator can order for certain products from an artist online and pay for them online and wait for delivery online within no time. The indication is that digitalisation of arts has even enlarged the market to spectators and artists (Garcà ­a Whittinghill 2011, p. 309). Another good example is the use of digital technology to purchase ringtones for mobile phones and even to download videos. During live concerts, artists pause to take the audience through a process of prompting downloads of ringtones and videos over the mobile phones and iPods. In such a forum, artists gain a lot of money instantly since most of the fans buy their products online as prompted by e-commerce. Acc ording to Bonsu and Darmody (2008, p.356), e-commerce has empowered consumers in the world of business to undertake their roles. Customers of the products of arts have become more informed in making choices between products. DRozario and Bryant (2013, p. 10) argue that the roles played by buyers and sellers in the US before the inception of e-commerce have drastically been changed. The time of passive customers and over active sellers has been eliminated in the American economy through digital technology. According to Gronroos (1994, p.9), quick evolution of e-commerce has made consumers of art products active players in the whole transaction. Customers have an opportunity to choose from an assortment of goods and services advertised online. In the same way, consumers can trade with the artist that they consider the best according to the information posted on their websites. Gronroos (1994, p.9) also argues that e-commerce has made many economies turn from 12 hours to 24-hour workin g economies. According to Constaninides (2004, p. 112), increase in the number of hours for doing business in many nations has also increased the number of online customers and audience for artists. Largely, this case increases the market since most people can access the products of the work of art that the artist places in stalls. Such is the economy of the United States. Gronroos (1994, p.9) believes that customers and artists can carry out exchange transactions at any time of the day or night via the internet. Garcà ­a and Whittinghill (2011, p. 309) affirm that artists in the economy of United States have become very powerful and influential across the world. Conclusion In conclusion, digital technology has had a big influence on art. The world has become a global village today due to digital revolution. Gà ¼ndà ¼z (2012, p. 202) affirms that as the economy of the world grow, its cultural aspects must also grow with it. Growth in digital technology has cut down the expenditur e of producing artworks hence improving the accessibility of artwork by many people. Digital technology has extended the array and amount of artwork that one artist can do in a given period. Artists can produce many products in a short period and even in real time. The paper concludes that digital technology has improved the capacity of artists to show up their expected designs though various digital platforms such as the internet, social media, televisions, videos, and mobile phones. References Aghion, P Tirole, J 1997, ‘Formal and Real Authority in Organisation’, Journal of Political Economy, vol. 105 no. 1, p. 29. Bhattacharjee, S, Gopal, D, Marsden, R, Sankaranarayanan, R 2009, ‘Re-tuning the Music Industry -Can They Re-Attain Business Resonance?’, Communications of the ACM, vol. 52 no. 6, pp. 136-140. Bonsu, A Darmody, A 2008, ‘Co-creating Second Life: Market- Consumer Cooperation in Contemporary Economy’, Journal of Macromarketing, vol . 28 no. 4, pp. 355-368. Calvo, E Monge, J 2009, ‘New Technologies in Central American Contemporary Art: A Partial Archaeology and Some Critical Appreciations from the Institutional Realm’, Third Text, vol. 23 no. 3, pp. 281-292. Constaninides, E 2004, ‘Influencing the Online Consumers Behavior: The web Experience’, Emerald Research Journal, vol. 14 no. 2, pp. 111-126. DRozario, D Bryant, K 2013, ‘The Use of Dead Celebrity Images in Advertising and Marketing- Review, Ethical Recommendations and Cautions for Practitioners’, International Journal of Marketing Studies, vol. 5 no. 2, pp. 1-10. Faye, W, Selvadurai, C, Smithwick, Q, Cain, J, Cavallerano, J, Silver, P, Goldring, E 2012, ‘The Seeing Machine Camera: An Artistic Tool for the Visually Challenged Conceived by a Visually Challenged Artist’, Leonardo, vol. 45 no. 2, pp. 141-147. Foss, K 2001, ‘Organising Technological Interdependencies: A Coordination Perspective on the Firm’, Industrial and Corporate Change, vol. 10 no. 1, p. 151. Garcà ­a, E Whittinghill, D 2011, ‘Art and Code: The Aesthetic Legacy of Aldo Giorgini’, Leonardo, vol. 44 no. 4, pp. 309-316. Gronroos, C 1994, ‘From marketing mix to relationship marketing: Towards a paradigm shift in marketing’, Management Decision, vol. 32 no. 2, p. 9. Gà ¼ndà ¼z, U 2012, ‘Digital Music Format Mp3 as a New Communications Technology and the Future of the Music Industry’, Scientific Journal of Humanistic Studies, vol. 4 no. 7, pp. 202-207. Marchese, T 2011, ‘Conserving Digital Art for Deep Time’, Leonardo, vol. 44 no. 4, pp. 302-308. Moore, R 2005, Cybercrime: Investigating High Technology Computer Crime, Bender Company, New York. Van House, A 2011, ‘Personal photography, digital technologies and the uses of the Visual’, Visual Studies, vol. 26 no. 2, pp. 125-13.

Biography of Tiberius, 1st Century Roman Emperor

Biography of Tiberius, 1st Century Roman Emperor The Roman emperor Tiberius (November 16, 42 BCE–March 16, 37 CE) was a very capable military leader and a sensible civic leader who tried to restrain Romes out-of-control budget. But he was also dour and unpopular. He is known primarily for his trial for treason, sexual perversion, and eventually shirking his responsibility by going into seclusion. Fast Facts: Tiberius Known For: Roman Emperor in the first century CEBorn: November 16, 42 BCE on the Palatine Hill, RomeParents: Tiberius Claudius Nero (85–33 BC) and Livia DrusillaDied: March 16, 37 CE in RomeEducation: Studied with Theodous of Gadara and Nestor the AcademicSpouse(s): Vipsania Agrippina (m. 19 BCE), Livia Julia the Elder, (m. 11 BCE)Children: Drusus Julius Caesar (with Vipsania), Julia, Ti Gemellus, Germanicus (all with Julia) Early Life Tiberius was born on November 16, 42 BCE on the Palatine Hill or at Fundi; he was the son of the Roman quaestor Tiberius Claudius Nero (85–33 BC) and  his wife Livia Drusilla. In 38 BCE, Livia was forced to divorce Tiberius Nero to become the wife of the first Roman emperor Augustus. Tiberius Nero died when Tiberius was 9 years old. Tiberius studied rhetoric with Theodorus of Gadara, with Nestor the Academic and perhaps with Athaneaus the Peripatetic. He became fluent in Greek and meticulous in Latin. In his early civic career, Tiberius defended and prosecuted at court and before the Senate. His successes at court included the securing of a charge of high treason against Fannius Caepio and Varro Murena. He reorganized the grain supply and investigated irregularities in slave barracks where free people were detained improperly and where draft dodgers pretended to be slaves. Tiberius political career soared: he became quaestor, praetor, and consul at a young age, and  received the power of a tribune for five years. Marriage and Family In 19 BCE, he married Vipsania Agrippina, the daughter of the renowned general Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (Agrippa); and they had a son, Drusus Julius Caesar. In 11 BCE, Augustus forced Tiberius to divorce Vipsania and marry his daughter Livia Julia the Elder, who was also the widow of Agrippa. Julia had three children with Tiberius: Julia, Ti Gemellus, and Germanicus. Early Military Accomplishments Tiberiuss first military campaign was against the Cantabrians. He then went to Armenia where he restored Tigranes to the throne. He collected missing Roman standards from the Parthian court. Tiberius was sent to govern the long-haired Gauls and fought in the Alps, Pannonia, and Germany. He subjugated various Germanic peoples and took 40,000 of them  as prisoners. He then settled them in homes in Gaul. Tiberius received an ovation and a triumph in 9 and 7 BCE. In 6 BCE, he was ready to accept command of the eastern Roman forces, but instead, at what would seem to be a height of power, he abruptly retired to the island of Rhodes. Julia and Exile By 6 BCE, Tiberius marriage to Julia had gone sour: by all accounts, he regretted leaving Vipsania. When he retired from public life, Julia was banished by her father for her immoral behavior. His stay on Rhodes lasted at least eight years, between 6 BCE and 2 CE, during which time he wore a Greek cloak and slippers, spoke Greek to the townspeople, and attended philosophical lectures. Tiberius tried earlier to return to Rome when his tribunician power ended, but his petition was denied: thenceforth he was referred to as The Exile. After Lucius Caesar died in 2 CE, Tiberius mother Livia arranged for his recall, but to do that, Tiberius had to renounce all political aspirations. However, in 4 CE after all other likely successors had died, Augustus adopted his step-son Tiberius, who in turn had to adopt his nephew Germanicus. For this, Tiberius received tribunician power and a share of Augustuss power and then came home to Rome. Later Military Accomplishments and Ascension to Emperor Tiberius was given tribunician power for three years, during which time his responsibilities would be to pacify Germany and suppress the Illyrian revolt. The German pacification ended in disaster in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest (9 CE), when an alliance of Germanic tribes destroyed three Roman legions and their auxiliaries, led by Publius Quinctilius Varus. Tiberius did achieve complete submission of the Illyrians, for which he was voted a triumph. He postponed the triumph celebration out of deference to Varus disaster in Germany: but after two years more in Germany, he settled things and put on a triumphal banquet with 1,000 tables. With the sale of his spoils, he restored the temples of Concord and Castor and Pollux. As a result, in 12 CE, the consuls awarded Tiberius joint control of the provinces (co-princeps) with Augustus. When Augustus died, Tiberius, as tribune, convened the Senate where a freedman read Augustus will naming Tiberius as successor. Tiberius called on the praetorians to provide him a bodyguard  but didnt take the title of emperor immediately nor even his inherited title of Augustus. Tiberius as Emperor At first, Tiberius despised sycophants, intervened in matters of state to check abuses and excesses, abolished Egyptian and Jewish cults in Rome, and banished astrologers. He consolidated the Praetorians for efficiency, crushed city riots, and abolished the right of sanctuary. However, his reign turned sour when informers accused Roman men and women of many, even silly crimes that led to capital punishment and confiscation of their estates. In 26 CE, Tiberius exiled himself to Capri, leaving the empire in control of his Socius Laborum (partner of my labors), Lucius Aelius Sejanus. In Capri, Tiberius stopped fulfilling his civic obligations  but instead engaged in licentious acts. Most notorious is his training of little boys to act as nipping minnows or tiddlers, to chase him when he went swimming in the imperial pool, nibbling between his legs. Tiberius mean and vengeful streak caught his erstwhile confidant, Sejanus, accused of conspiracy against the emperor. Sejanus was executed for treason in 31 CE. Until Sejanus was destroyed, people had blamed him for the excesses of the emperor, but with his death, the blame rested solely on Tiberius. The empire continued to run on without the direct input of the emperor, who remained in Capri. During Tiberius exile in Capri, Gaius (Caligula) came to live with Tiberius, who was his adopted grandfather. Tiberius included Caligula as joint heir in his will. The other heir was Tiberius brother Drusus child, still a teenager. Death Tiberius died on March 16, 37 CE, at age 77. He had ruled for nearly 23 years. According to Tacitus, when it looked as though Tiberius would die naturally, Caligula tried to take sole control of the empire. Tiberius, however, recovered. At the request of Caligula, the head of the Praetorian Guard, Macro, stepped in and had the old emperor smothered. Caligula was named emperor. Sources Balmaceda, Catalina. The Virtues of Tiberius in Velleius Histories. Historia: Zeitschrift fà ¼r Alte Geschichte 63.3 (2014): 340–63.Rutledge, Steven H. Tiberius Philhellenism. The Classical World 101.4 (2008): 453–67.Seager, Robin. Tiberius. 2nd edition. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell, 1972, 2005.  Syme, Ronald. History or Biography. The Case of Tiberius Caesar. Historia: Zeitschrift fà ¼r Alte Geschichte 23.4 (1974): 481–96.

Business Policy & Strategy Portfolio Project Essay

Business Policy & Strategy Portfolio Project - Essay Example The business will provide these students with door to door collection and distribution of the torn cloths and cloths that require laundry services. The Laundry and cloth repair business will solve problems such as saving University Students time, saving the Environment from degradation, and boosting Food Security among other others. The business is also sustainable in that it boosts food security, conserve our environment, as well as solving some of the Problems University Students face among others. In to prove the feasibility of the business, market research, and SWOT and Value chain analyses were carried out. The SWOT analysis was carried out in order to identify the expected Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats that the business may face. The Laundry and cloth repair business Idea In today’s economy, people are normally busy (they always work, they always learn, committed in entertainment, and in schools and among others) such that they do not get time to do ce rtain basic things of their lives such as laundry services and repair of their torn cloths. ... However, not all of them offer door to services to these busy students. Therefore, students had to waste their precious time taking their cloth for laundry services or to be repaired in case they are torn (U S Bureau of the Census, 2002). Some students may also love some of their cloths such that they may not wish to dispose them off in case they get torn. Therefore, my business will be engaged in providing laundry and cloth repair services for University students in the United States of America. The business will provide these students with door to door collection and distribution of the torn cloths and cloths that require laundry services. Rationale for the Business Idea Entrepreneurs by nature are individuals who solve problems, as wells as opportunity oriented; these are just a few of the many characteristics of entrepreneurs (Hunter, 2000). Therefore, as an entrepreneur I thought it wise to come up with the business idea so as to be part of those who solve problems that normally face our society today. My business, therefore, aims at solving several problems which face our society today. Problems Laundry and cloth repair business will solve Saving University Students time The target customers (target group) for the business are University Students across the United States of America. Just as earlier mentioned, these students are so committed to their studies, research and entertainment activities such that they have very little amount of time to concentrate on the basic aspects of their lives; they hardly get time to do their laundry services or even repair services for their torn cloths. The business also intends to further offer free collection and distribution services to these

Explore the character of Lady Macbeth Coursework

Explore the character of Lady Macbeth - Coursework Example Lady Macbeth belongs and functions within the nobility besides being a respected wife of Macbeth that her father-in-law, King Duncan treats her as their â€Å"honored hostess†. While she exhibits the positive trait of remaining faithful and loving toward her husband, Lady Macbeth is severely determined for Macbeth to acquire the thrown as the next king. Her wild ambition sets the conflict for Macbeth to ponder on seizing immediate kingship as she presses him to plot a murderous act against King Duncan. She appears completely aware that the good-natured Macbeth himself is far from capable of scheming as such, hence, she finds it appropriate to take control of the situation that leads to the accomplishment of her design through him and by repressing her own conscience, Macbeth grows with confidence under mutual preference to carry out the wicked plan. Shakespeare occurs to allude the strong connection between ‘masculinity’ and violence as well as the height of ambit ion for which the level of employed aggression is proportional yet rather than making reference via a male character, the notion is channelled through Lady Macbeth’s femininity which according to her husband is rather made of a masculine spirit. At a crucial stage, the lady is found wishing for an opposite gender so she would not hesitate having to commit the murder, had the king not â€Å"resembled [her] father as he slept† also, and this quite implies how gender issue plays a significant function in determining where huge potentials and power lie. Eventually, this portion of the theme that describes the association of power to gender becomes the key point by which to develop the meaning in Lady Macbeth’s portrayal of her essential part in the story. Macbeth’s idea with â€Å"undaunted mettle should compose / Nothing but males†, through his primary incapacity to render aggressive behavior, is shifted between the witches and Lady Macbeth who posses ses a higher degree of conviction about all means in pursuit of one’s ends. In order to be relentless and not be held back by any sense of guilt, Macbeth’s wife invokes upon evil spirits so as to â€Å"stop up th' access and passage to remorse† prior to the full implementation of the scheme. As she goes about her manipulative attitude, Macbeth initially complies yet is later consumed with indecisions, contemplating on rational grounds for relief or what would drive him to kill his father, King Duncan. Lady Macbeth, however, believes highly that it is an unconscious desire of Macbeth to obtain the status of becoming a ruler overall, convincing him that once he gets to be king, it would earn them both security and prosperity in the kingdom. Thus, Lady Macbeth attacks the uncertainty of her better half by manipulating him with questions concerning the validity of his manhood and his affectionate regard for her. The lady’s effective manipulation works even in castigating up to the slightest objection of Macbeth so that with the manner of repeated questioning, he finally realizes the will to follow the dictates of his wife and so attain success in killing Duncan as a proof of his unfailing love and unquestionable manhood. By her phenomenal strength, Lady Macbeth seems to bear a will that persists even after the crime, when she manages to

Disney Princess and Aladdin Essay Example for Free

Disney Princess and Aladdin Essay The wicked Jafar, and his trusty parrot Iago, receive one half of an ancient scarab from the thief, Gazeem. Jafar reaches into his robes and produces the other half. As Jafar place the two halves together, the magic scarab being to glow and sparkle. The scarab leaps out of Jafars hands. Quickly! he shouts to his horse, Follow the trail! The scarab scuttles across the desert sands under the beautiful Arabian night sky with Jafar, Iago and Gazeem in fast pursuit The scarab leads Jafar, Iago and Gazeem to a small mound of sand, it then slits in a half and plunges into the sand. A fierce tigers head rises, roaring, from the desert. Now remember, Jafar warns Gazeem. Bring me the lamp. The rest of the treasure is yours, but the lamp is mine! As Gazeem steps warily into the cave, the tiger-god bellows, Only one may enter here, one whose worth lies deep withinthe Diamond in the Rough! The tiger-gods mouth clamps shut over the unfortunate Gazeem and the head dissapears back into the sand. I must find this one- this Diamond in the Rough, Jafar tells Iago. In the bustling city of Agrabah there is a lively and crowded marketplace. Merchants sell all kind of household items from pots and ladles to clothing, and olives the townspeople need for their everyday lives. In Agrabah lives a young man called Aladdin. His only friend is Abu, a mischievous monkey, and his only food is what he can get by his wits. Aladdin is always in trouble with the sultans guards who call him a thief, but they can never catch him. Sometimes it takes all of Aladdins mischief, for them to stay one step ahead of the guards. Although Aladdin is starving, he is also generous. When he sees two little street urchins who look even hungrier then he is, he gives them the bread he has gone to so much trouble to get. Abu isnt quite as happy about giving up his half of the loaf! When Prince Achmed rides into the marketplace on a magnificent, jeweled horse, Aladdin and Abu stare. How wonderful it would be to have even one of those jewels. They could eat for a year! On his way to the palace, I suppose, comments someone standing nearby. Another suitor for the princess. When the poor children wander out into the street, Aladdin leaps to rescue them from the horses hooves. Out of my way! Bellows Prince Achmed, knocking Aladdin aside and into a puddle of mud. Aladdin chases after the prince, if I were as rich as you I could afford some matters! he shouts at him. Prince Achmed yells, You were born as street rat and youll die as street rat! as he swept through the palace gates. The slam shut in Aladdins face. Im not worthless. Im not a street rat, says Aladdin shaking his head. Aladdin and Abu go to their home, which is nothing more than a dilapidated rooftop. Its cold in the desert at night, so it isnt much to come home to. Someday, Abu, Aladdin promises the monkey, things are going change. Well be dressed in robes instead of rags. From their rooftop home, Aladdin and Abu can see the magnificent palace glowing in the distance. Thatd be the life, huh, Abu, Aladdin sighs as he gazes at the spectacular building. To be rich, live in a palace, and never have any problems at all. At the palace, the sultan is furious with Princess Jasmine. Her pet tiger Rajah has chased away an insulted Prince Achmed. Jasmine doesnt seem the least bit worried. The law says you must be married to a prince by your next birthday! You have only three more days, the sultan says. The law is wrong! Jasmine replies. Poor Jasmine has never been outside the palace in her life, never done anything on her own. She feels just like the birds in the cage. Suddenly, on an impulse, she opens the gate and lets the birds fly free. Her heart flies away with them but shes still trapped. Jasmine makes up her mind, She wont marry any of the horrible pompous princes who have come to call. She knows what she will do shell run away. That night, after saying goodbye to Rajah, she slips over the palace wall to a land she has never visited before. Since the sultan doesnt know what to do about his willful daughter, he asks his most trusted advisor, none other than Jafar. But Jafar has plans of his own. He wants to gain possession of the sultans Blue Diamond ring. The sultan is surprised by Jafars request for his ring, but Jafar assures him it will help them find a prince to marry Princess Jasmine. Just to be certain, Jafar hypnotizes the sultan who, in a trance, hands over the ring. With the ring in his possession, Jafar returns to his secret laboratory. This Blue Diamond will reveal us teh Diamond in the Rough the one who can enter the cave and bring us the lamp, says Jafar. Soon I will be sultan! When the marketplace comes to lif ein the morning, Jasmine is entranced. She has never seen so many people or things. How different the world is outside the palace! A small child looking longingly at the apples on a merchants cart. You must be hunry, says Jasmine, and hands the child an apple. Youd better pay for that, the merchant says to her. Pay? asks Jasmine. She never had to pay for anything in her life before. Thief! the merchant yells and grabs Jasmines arm. Aladdin, who has noticed the beautiful young girl, realizes she in trouble. He pretends that Jasmine is his sister and tells the merchant that the girl is crazy. Aladdin whispers to Jasmine to play along. The merchant falls for the trickuntil Abu drops a few apples hes sneaked for himself. Aladdin and Jasmine break into a run to get away from the angry merchant. Finally, they arrive back at Aladdins rooftop home. Aladdin is impressed at Jasmines nimble fearlessness; its no easy route to the roof. When Aladdin and Jasmine talk on the roof, they find out that both of them feel trapped in their lives. They dont know that through sorcery, Jafar has located his Diamond in the Rough Aladdin. Before long, Jafar sends the guards to arrest Aladdin. Abu tries to warn his master, but Aladdin isnt paying attention when the palace guards burst in. Jasmine and Aladdin have to get away from the palace guards. Do you trust me? asks Aladdin. Startled Jasmine answers Yes Then jump! Aladdin cries. The two with Abu, leap off the roof. A canopy breaks their fall and they quickly get to their feet. Jasmine and Aladdin have to get away from the palace guards. Do you trust me? asks Aladdin. Startled Jasmine answers Yes Then jump! Aladdin cries. The two with Abu, leap off the roof. A canopy breaks their fall and they quickly get to their feet. Princess Jasmine reveals her true identity and orders the guards to let Aladdin go. I would, Princess, says Razoul, the head guard, except my order come from Jafar. Youve to take it up with him. Believe me, Princess Jasmine mutters. I will. As soon as she gets back to the palace, Princess Jasmine storms into Jafars chamber to demand Aladdins release. Jafar tells the horrified princess that Aladdin has already been to death for kidnapping her. That evening, Jasmine is inconsolable. Oh Rajah, this is all my fault, she sobs in her beloved tiger. I dont even know his name. Rajah is heartbroken to see the princess so sad. Aladdin is not dead, as Jafar had told the princess, but locked up in the dungeon. Soon, Abu finds him, and helps him pick the locks of his chains. Abu tries to scold Aladdin for getting himself mixed up with a girl, but Aladdin disagrees. Hey, she was in trouble, he says, then shakes his head.. Ill never see her again. Im a street rat, remember. She deserves a prince. â€Å"Im a fool, says Aladdin, thinking about Jasmine. Only if you give, boy, replies a voice. Jafar, disguised as an old man, appears from the shadows. I know a cave filled with treasures.. enough to impress your princess. I need a young pair of legs and a strong back to go in after it. Soon Aladdin and Jafar, still in disguise, have escaped from the dungeon and arrive at the Cave of Wonders. Proceed! the tiger-god commands when Aladdin states his name. Touch nothing but the lamp. When Aladdin and Abu arrive at the treasure chamber, they cant believe their eyes. Everywhere, piled high, are thousands of jewels and mountains of gold dazzle their eyes. Just a handful of this would make me richer then the sultan! exclaims Aladdin. Then he reminds Abu, Dont touch anything Behind Aladdin and Abu, a gold-tasseled carpet comes to life. At first they dont notice it floating behind them, but soon they realize they are in the presence of a magic carpet. Maybe you can help us, Aladdin says to the carpet. Were trying to find this lamp. The magic carpet is happy to show the way to where a battered old oil lamp stands on a high pedestal. Aladdin slowly reaches out to take the lamp into his handWhile Aladdin is collecting the lamp, Abu is overwhelmed by temptation. Surely the cave wont miss one little gem. The moment he grabs the stone, a rumbling and shaking begin. Aladdin almost falls into a pool of boiling lava as the carpet rushes in to save him. Just in time, Aladdin pulls Abu aboard. Outside the cave, Jafar look on in alarm as thunder booms and lighting flashes around him. The tiger-god roars in anger. The carpet is caught under a falling rock and Abu and Aladdin are thrown off. A huge chasm opens between them as Abu and Aladdin scramble for the cave opening. Abu escapes, but the ground gives way and Aladdin is left hanging by his fingers The old man, whom Aladdin still does not know is Jafar is disguise, leans into the cave. Throw me the lamp! he demands. I cant hold on, cries Aladdin. Give me your hand! But Jafar insists. First, give me the lamp! â€Å"Yes! cries Jafar, when Aladdin has handed over the lamp. Its mine at last! While Abu is helping Aladdin out of the cave, Jafar drawn his dagger. Aladdin has been betrayed! Aladdin struggles with Jafar and Abu does what he can, but Jafar manages to push the two back into the cave. They tumble down a long chute. The magic carpet frees itself just in time to break their fall. When Aladdin wakes up, he realizes that he and Abu are stuck in the cave, and that Jafar has taken the lamp. Abu chatters excitedly, and reveals that he has the lamp! Aladdin studies the lamp and trying to make out some writing on the side of it, wipes away the years of dust. The lamp begins to glow. Pooof! colored smoke fills the cave and forms itself into a huge genie. Say, youre allot smaller then my last master, declares the genie, Im your master? gasps Aladdin. The Genie announces to Aladdin that he can have three wishes for anything he desires. To prove it, the genie conjures up an ever-changing parade of dancers, gourmet food, treasure, camels and horses. There are a few previous, a couple of quid pro quo cautions the genie. I cant kill anybody I cant make anybody fall in love with anyone else I cant bring people back from the dead. Other than that, you got it. Aladdin doesnt know what to wish for and asks the genie what he would wish for. Freedom the genie replies. Genies are prisoners. We have phenomenal cosmic powers, itty bitty living space. The only way out is for my master to wish me free. Aladdin considers. Ill do it. Ill set you free, he tells the genie. The genie looks doubtful. Really, I promise- after me first two wishes, Ill use my third wish to set you free. Suddenly Aladdin knows what wants. Theres this girl, he says, but shes the princess. To even have a chance, Id have to be Hey! Can you make me a prince? The genie raises an eyebrow. Say the magic words, he says. In no time, Aladdin is outfitted with the most glorious robes a prince has ever owned. Looking at his own elegant reflection, he hardly recognizes himself. Still needs something, muses the genie. Mode of transportation! Enlisting Abu, the genie transforms the startled monkey into a camel, then a stallion and several other things. Finally he settles on a magnificent riding elephant. Back at the palace, Jafar and Iago are hatching a wicked plot. If Jafar cant have the lamp, he will have to gain power another way. Iago has an idea. What if Jafar were to marry the princess? Then he could get rid of the sultan and Jasmine and have all power in the kingdom. Floating down from his elephant on the magic carpet, Aladdin introduces himself to the sultan as Prince Ali Ababwa, and announces that he has come to seek Princess Jasmines hand. Jafar is not pleased to see Prince Ali. This might be then end of his plan to marry the princess and take over the kingdom. He tries to get Aladdin to leave, but the sultan is anxious to try out the magic carpet. The sultan enjoys his carpet ride and is very impressed with Prince Ali. Jafar tries to damped the sultans enthusiasm but Aladdin is confident. Just let her meet me, I will win your daughter, he boasts Princess Jasmine hears Aladdins boast that he will marry her, and is not pleased. How dare you! she snaps. All of you! Standing around deciding my future!†I am not a prize to be won! She turns on her heel and storms form the room. Aladdin is upset that he has made Princess Jasmine angry. This isnt how it is supposed to go. The sultan, too, is disappointed, but reassures Aladdin that the princess will calm down. That night, Aladdin walks in the garden under Jasmines window and asks the genie for advice. He has lost confidence in his prince act. The genie recommends that Aladdin tells the princess who he really is, and just be himself. Princess Jasmine has still not cheered up. She is sitting alone in her room when Aladdin startles her by appearing on the balcony. She tries to send him away, but just as he turns in the light, she thinks theres something familiar about him. Jasmine and Aladdin begin to talk. It looks like things are going well until Jasmine suddenly turns and accuses Prince Ali of being a swaggering peacock like all the other princess shes met. Disguised as a bee, the genie repeats his advice to Aladdin. Be yourself! When Aladdin agrees that the princess should be allowed to make up her own mind, Jasmine begins to soften a little towards him. Aladdin invites her on a magic carpet ride, and Jasmine quickly agrees. Shes a little nervous, but when Aladdin asks, Do you trust me? Jasmine and Aladdin fly across the sky on the magic carpet. Its a wonderful ride and they see magnificent sights. Aladdin swoops down into an orchard and picks Jasmine an apple. Again, she thinks of the boy she met in the marketplace. The carpet comes to a rest on a roof where Aladdin and Princess Jasmine stop to watch a wonderful fireworks display. Jasmine casually remarks that Abu should have been with them, and Aladdin falls right into her trap. You are the boy from the marketplace! Jasmine exclaims. But Aladdin isnt ready to reveal who he really is, and pretends that Aladdin was Prince Ali in disguise. Finally, Aladdin flies princess Jasmine back to the palace. Jasmine steps onto the balcony, then turns toward Aladdin. They smile at each other over the railing. The carpet, impatient for the romance to get started, bumps Aladdin so that he kisses Jasmine. Its a wonderful kiss, and Aladdin realizes he is in love. Good night, my handsome prince, Jasmine says, backing into her charmer. Sleep well, Princess, Aladdin replies. Aladdin has sooner floated down from Jasmines balcony that he is grabbed by the palace guards. Abu too, has been captured, Jafar order the guards to tie and gag Aladdin and cast him into the ocean. As Aladdin sinks into the sea, turban where he hid the lamp, slips from his head. Fighting for air and growing dizzy, Aladdin tries to get to the lamp. Finally, he reaches it and is able to give it a feeble rub. The genie, disturbed from his bath, is ready to joke with Aladdin until he sees that his young master is drowning. I cant help you unless you make a wish. Aladdin is barely conscious, but the genie gets him to respond and lifts him to safely in the nick of time. At the palace, Jasmine rushed to tell her father about the wonderful evening she has spent with Aladdin. She arrives to find that Jafar has put his plan into action and has hypnotized the sultan Jasmine vows angry that she will never marry Jafar. Just as jafar is telling that Prince Al i has left like all the other princes, Aladdin appears in the throne room and accuses Jafar of trying to kill him. As soon as the sultan comes out of his trance, he understands what has happened. Guards! he commands. Arrest Jafar at once! Jafar yells as he is dragged from the room, This is not done yet, boy! He throws a smoke pellet and vanishes into thin air. Although the sultan is angry at Jafars treachery, he is overjoyed to find out that Jasmine is in love with Aladdin. Finally she has chosen a suitor! The sultan is so happy he announces they will be wed at once. â€Å"Youll be happy, prosperous, â€Å"he says, â€Å"and then you, my boy will become sultan!† Aladdin is worried about becoming a sultan. He knows he doesnt have a fine moral character. Hes just a street rat, and a lying one, too. He isnt Prince Ali, hes just plain Aladdin. If only he could tell Jasmine the truth. Now he cant even fulfill his promise to free the genie. He just might need one more wish†¦ Jafar tells Iago that they can still win if they can get the lamp, so Iago disguises his voice as Jasmines to lure Aladdin out of chambers. The wily bird hurries into the empty room and quickly steals the lamp. Now that Jafar has possession of the lamp, the genie must grant his every wish. The genie doesnt want to work for the sorcerer, but he must. Jafar is his new master now. Jafar makes his first wish: he wants to be sultan. Reluctantly, the genie transforms him. Jafar now wears the white robes of the sultan. He is delighted to be the most powerful man in the kingdom! When the genie makes a new sultan, he unmakes the old one. The old sultans disappear, and the castle is move to a high mountain peak. I am your sultan now! declares Jafar. Bow down to me. But Jasmine and her father refuse. We will never bow to you, they swear. Jafar is ready to make his next wish: to become the most powerful sorcerer in the world. The genie grants him his wish. Jafar uses his new skills to expose Prince Ali for his he really is a street rat named Aladdin. Jafar uses his power to turn a palace tower into a rocket. He fires Aladdin and Abu to the ends of the earth, where they will never trouble him again. Aladdin and Abu are shivering, and nearly killed by a rolling tower, but they still have the magic carpet. I made a mess of everything. Aladdin tells the monkey. Ive got to go back and set things right. Together they fly on the carpet back to the palace at Agrabah. A the palace, Jafar rules. The genie and Princess Jasmine are his slaves, and the sultan has been reduced to the court jester. Jasmine is the only one who notices Aladdin slipping in through the window. To distract Jafar, so that Aladdin can get the lamp, she pretends to be in love with him. Jafar is delighted at the unexpected turn of events. Jafar suddenly notices Aladdin;s reflection in Princess Jasmines polished crown. Turning sharply, he barks You! How many times do I have to kill you, boy! Jafar aims a blast from his staff at Aladdin, and traps Jasmine in an hour glass. He uses all of his sorcery to create walls of flame and falling swords around the lamp. Are you afraid to fight me yourself, you cowardly snake? challenges Aladdin. Jafar instantly turns himself into a snake and lunges at Aladdin. Aladdin fights back with his sword. Tim is running out for Princess Jasmine, who is being buried alive by the sand in the hourglass. Soon, Jafar has Aladdin trapped in his coils. If only Aladdin had freed the genie he had the chance, Jafar would never have had all this power! Youre not so powerful, Aladdin taunts Jafar. The genie has more power than youll ever have! The genie is alarmed. What is Aladdin up to? Jafar takes the bait. Im ready to make my third wish, declares Jafar. I wish to be an all powerful genie! The genie must grant the wish. In an instant, Jafar is a genie. For a moment, he exults in his new power. Then gold cuffs clamp themselves to his wrists, and Jafar begins to realize what is happening. A lamp appears to suck him in and he takes Iago with him at the last moment. Aladdin grins. Phenomenal cosmic powers itty bitty living space.† When the genie tosses the lamp into the Cave of Wonders for a few millennia Jafars magic comes undone. The sultan and Princess Jasmine are free, and all their friends return to normal. Aladdin and Jasmine stand together on the palace balcony. Im sorry I lied to you, says Aladdin. I guess this is goodbye, That stupid law, storms Jasmine. This isnt fair. I love you. The genie cant bear it. Youre got one more wish left, he reminds Aladdin. Just say the word and youre a prince again. Aladdin knows what he has to do. He loves Jasmine and wants to be a prince so he can marry her, but he has promised the genie. He has learned how important a promise is. Genie, he says. I wish for your freedom. The genie can hardly believe it when his cuffs melt away. †Youll always be a prince to me, the genie says to Aladdin. Thats right, agrees the sultan. Youve certainly proven you worth. What we need is a new law! And the sultan, who is after all the sultan, pronounces a new law then and there. The princess can marry whomever she chooses! Princess Jasmine instantly chooses Aladdin. She is thrilled to finally have control over her own life. Aladdin is thrilled too, and lifts Jasmine high in the air. Now that Genie is free, hes off to see the world. He has big plans, and plenty of places to go. But first, its time for a big hug for the only master who ever wanted to do something for him. As the genie sails off into the sky, Jasmine and Aladdin wave goodbye. They stand side by side, holding hands, knowing they will always be together.

The Reconstruction Period :: after the Civil War, 1865 - 1877

The period after the Civil War, 1865 - 1877, was called the Reconstruction period. Abraham Lincoln started planning for the reconstruction of the South during the Civil War as Union soldiers occupied huge areas of the South. He wanted to bring the Nation back together as quickly as possible and in December 1863 he offered his plan for Reconstruction which required that the States new constitutions prohibit slavery. In January 1865, Congress proposed an amendment to the Constitution which would abolish slavery in the United States. On December 18, 1865, Congress ratified the Thirteenth Amendment formally abolishing slavery. The Civil War ended on April 9, 1865. Abraham Lincoln was assassinated less than one week later. Andrew Johnson, Lincoln's Vice President, briefly continued Lincoln's policies after Lincoln's assassination and in May 1865 announced his own plans for Reconstruction which included a vow of loyalty to the Nation and the abolition of slavery that Southern states were required to take before they could be readmitted to the Nation. Black codes were adopted by midwestern states to regulate or inhibit the migration of free African-Americans to the midwest. Cruel and severe black code laws were adopted by southern states after the Civil War to control or reimpose the old social structure. Southern legislatures passed laws that restricted the civil rights of the emancipated former slaves. Mississippi was the first state to institute laws that abolished the full civil rights of African-Americans. "An Act to Confer Civil Rights on Freedmen, and for Other Purposes," a very misleading title, was passed in 1865. Other states quickly adopted their own versions of the codes, some of which were so restrictive that they resembled the old system of slavery such as forced labor for various offenses. The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands (or the Freedmen's Bureau) was organized to provide relief and assistance to the former slaves, including health services, educational services, and abandoned land services. Congress passed an act on March 3, 1865 to establish the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands. The program was administered by the Department of War and was first headed by General Oliver Otis Howard who was appointed to the position on May 13, 1865 by President Abraham Lincoln. Although Congress responded with legislation that led to the Civil Rights Act of 1866, States kept on the books laws that continued the legacy of the black codes and, therefore, second-class citizenship for the newly freed slaves.

Equal Opportunity in Early Childhood Education Essay

Planning for equity can be a difficult task for early childhood educators across Australia. According to Sims (2009), equity in early childhood education refers to fairness and is based on a balance of two different sets of rights: every child’s right to an opportunity to attend an early childhood environment and every child’s right to participate and be represented equally within that environment. Children have diverse needs and belong to different cultures and social groups which results in children participating in early childhood environments differently. Children’s access to quality early childhood programmes which address issues of equity and social justice are crucial in maximising children’s participation in the learning experiences (Robinson & Diaz, 2006). Equal Opportunity in Early Childhood Education Under the National Partnership Agreement on Early Childhood Education, states and territories have committed to achieving universal access to early childhood education for all children by 2013 (Council of Australian Governments, 2008). The Agreement targets a child’s right to have an opportunity to attend an early childhood environment, by stating that by 2013 children will have access to quality programmes organised by four year university trained early childhood teachers (Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations, 2011). However throughout Australia there is currently a shortage of teachers, so will these goals be achievable? While this is a positive agreement addressing each child’s right to the opportunity to attend an early childhood environment, it neglects the need to address each child’s right to equal participation. Opportunity alone will not improve the quality of early learning experiences provided to children. Every Child’s Right to Participate Equality of participation is an issue in early childhood education that is concerned with early childhood educators, together with children, creating a diverse range of cultural and social learning activities and experiences for all children to access in the early childhood environment (Elliot, 2006). Images of the child as less competent or developed than adults can lead to a misconception that children do not have the emotional or cognitive capability to make rational choices. This thinking may lead to the voices of children being left out of decisions that affect them, denying children their right to participate equally in their early childhood environment. More importantly, this does not align with pedagogical practices fitting the United Nations’ Conventions of the Rights of the Child (The Convention) (1989). How Can Educators Ensure Equal Participation in the Early Childhood Environment? According to the Early Years Learning Framework (EYLF), through their practices educators should reinforce the principles laid out in The Convention (Council of Australian Governments, 2009). The Convention states that all children have the right to participation. This includes educators involving children in decisions that directly affect them (United Nations, 1989). The issue of equal participation involves educators collaborating with children about all matters affecting their lives and respecting children’s family, culture, language and other identities by representing these diversities in everyday activities and learning experiences. Including children’s cultural and social backgrounds into the programming and planning enables children to successfully participate equally in the early childhood environment. In today’s early childhood environments, a vast array of spaces will be available and they may change depending on the children’s interests. This can include spaces that allow children to express their knowledge and understanding of the world, by providing a range of activities within different spaces. Activities supported by spaces include but are not limited to: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ art reading imaginative play problem solving Catering for diversity through inclusive practices acknowledges that all children have different life experiences. The early childhood environment then becomes a place for collaborative learning supporting diversity and difference through respecting each child’s equal right to participation. Embedding practices of diversity and inclusion in early childhood environments is a difficult task for educators. Educators need to develop practices that promote diversity through communicating with children, their families and each other, and always be asking themselves â€Å"Who is this practice benefitting? † Catering for Diversity in the Early Childhood Environment. Representing each child in the early childhood environment involves more than simply adding a range of diverse resources. This is one small aspect of inclusion and diversity. Resources need to be discussed and explored with children and educators need to listen and observe how children are interacting with them. Recently, I added a large felt world map to the preschool environment. This resource included felt animals and people from around the world. The children had been exploring animals and the relationship that humans have with them. My intention was for the children to explore the differences between land and sea animals. However the children had a different interpretation and as a group they decided to place the felt people onto the country in which they believed they were born. Not wanting to interrupt the children’s engagement with this resource, I watched on as the children’s interests changed from animals to people and places of origin. Shortly after this experience, I noticed some children kindly explaining to another child that because her skin was brown, she was not from Australia. Adding this resource to the environment inspired a conversation about diversity, but it did not encourage children to explore inclusion and equity. This resource needed to be supported with a sustained shared thinking conversation that involved educators and children in discussions about respect, diversity and inclusion within the Australian context. Sustained Shared Thinking Iram Siraj-Blatchford (2005) defines sustained shared thinking as two or more individuals working together in an intellectual way to solve a problem, clarify a concept, evaluate activities or extend a narrative. Both parties must contribute to the thinking, and the ideas must develop and extend through the discussion. Addressing each child’s right to participation through the practice of sustained shared thinking involves early childhood educators engaging with families and children to effectively work together in order to negotiate, develop and implement learning agendas, outcomes and assessments for their own children. Family involvement is critical to the success of young children in early learning environments, as each family comes from a diverse culture with different traditions, values, and belief system. In order to effectively address the issue of equity, educators need to create mutual respectful relationships, where parents and children are heard and their ideas are included in the environment. As recognised in the EYLF (Council of Australian Governments, 2009), an image of a child that is based on children being capable and knowledgeable, requires educators to respect each child’s capabilities, culture, and unique qualities. Planning for equity in the early childhood environment is important for children’s social and emotional wellbeing. Each child and family bring with them a collection of diversities to the child’s own learning, resulting in children experiencing a sense of belonging, being and becoming differently. With each environment being different in terms of philosophies, children, families and community involvement, how you include families in your unique environment will vary. Sustained shared thinking practices are one way educators can improve the issue of equity in early childhood education. Being able to include the voices of children and their families by catering for each child’s diversities and encouraging a sense of wellbeing should be seen as a positive attribute of the early childhood education sector. Something to think about †¦ childhood is broad need ? equity in earlythat children have access to ? differencesequityto be acknowledged to address in early childhood it is important ? early childhood environments that represent ? the ability to program and plan for children, with who they are children, families and communities is a strength of the early childhood sector early childhood educators need to represent children equally and diversity ? all participation to address their right ? helping children uncover difference potential to to in a supportive environment has the transform future societies and will increase acceptance and respect for others. Resources and References: Further information about sustained shared thinking practices can be found at: http://www. earlychildhoodaustralia. org. au/pdf/shared_thinking. pdf Council of Australian Governments. (2008). National partnership agreement on early childhood education. Retrieved May 18, 2011, from http://www. federalfinancialrelations. gov. au/content/national_partnership_agreements/ED005/national_partnership_on_early_childhood_ education_update. pdf Council of Australian Governments. (2009). Belonging, being and becoming: the early years learning framework for Australia. Retrieved May 25, 2010, from http://www. deewr. gov. au/earlychildhood/policy_agenda/quality/pages/earlyyearslearningframework. aspx Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. (2011). Universal access to early childhood education. Retrieved May 20, 2011, from http://www. deewr. gov. au/Earlychildhood/Policy_Agenda/ECUA/Documents/UA_ECE_Factsheet. pdf Elliot, A. (2006). Early childhood education: Pathways to quality and equity for all children. Victoria: Australian Council for Educational Research. Robinson, K. H & Diaz, C. (2006). Diversity and difference in early childhood education: issues for theory and practice. New York: Open University Press. Sims, M. (2009). Nurturing a sense of fairness in children. Retreived May 20, 2011, from http://www. earlychildhoodaustralia. org. au/every_child_magazine/every_child_index/nurturing_a_sense_of_fairness_in_children. html Siraj-Blatchford, I. (2005). Quality interactions in the early years. Retrieved May 7, 2011, from http://www. earlychildhoodaustralia. org. au/pdf/shared_thinking. pdf United Nations. (1989). The convention on the rights of the child. Retrieved March.