Knowing Your Audience

Running head: KNOWING YOUR AUDIENCE Knowing Your Audience Name BCOM/275 Teacher Knowing Your Audience On August 5, 2010, a little copper mine situated in Chile endured a collapse which left 33 specialists caught underground. With laborers being caught 300 meters subterranean with restricted food, water, and oxygen, no one knew without a doubt to what extent they would endure. Following four days of being caught, there was still no thought if any of the diggers were even alive. At no other time have such a large number of laborers endure being caught underground for such a long time (Yang, 2010).Fortunately, for this situation, tears went to wonder as every one of the 33 diggers were found and safeguarded with no lives lost. No one actually ever hopes to experience a circumstance like this until it occurs. What does the business tell the groups of the individuals who are caught in the mine? What does the business tell its workers? These are questions that numerous individuals don't se t themselves up for. These sorts of interchanges must be taken care of carefully and considering the crowd. What are a few contemplations to recollect given the various jobs and individuals in the audience?This paper will examine a portion of the possible needs of the groups of the diggers in getting a message about this episode. It will likewise talk about the expected needs of the company’s representatives while getting a message about this episode. At long last, this paper will discuss what moves an individual must make when the message is conveyed to guarantee that it was gotten as proposed. As referenced before, there are a few contemplations an individual needs to recall when speaking with the groups of the people in question and workers in this issue as a result of the various jobs and individuals in the audience.If the crowd isn't thought about when passing on a message, the correspondence could be lost, misjudged, or deficient. This could leave the crowd misled and i rate. When speaking with the families, there ought to be a feeling of compassion and compassion coordinated toward them. Correspondence to the families ought to be expeditious with the goal that they don't need to find out about what befell their friends and family on the news. The groups of the casualties might presumably want to know how this could have occurred and what is being done to get them out.The families don’t know as much about mining as the workers do so they would most likely like a clarification of what turned out badly. These kinds of circumstances are extreme in light of the fact that the organization needs to keep the families educated, however now and then the sender knows as much about the episode as the families do. Conveying to the representatives about the occurrence would be somewhat extraordinary. Individuals that work in the mining field think about the threats of collapses as of now. So there would be no compelling reason to really expound on the ep isode. The correspondence ought to emphasize the significance of security on-the-job.The correspondence should likewise tell the representatives that everything conceivable is being done to safeguard the caught laborers. Remembering that the representatives could have companions who are caught, the correspondence ought to likewise make reference to workers that on the off chance that they are not in the â€Å"right condition of mind† to work, they should get some much needed rest for their own security. Before a message of any sort is conveyed to the crowd it ought to be edited and twofold checked for linguistic blunders and incorrectly spelled words. The sender ought to likewise see whether there will be any language obstructions when speaking with the audience.If the technique for correspondence is a call, it is a smart thought to have a prewritten content to peruse off of to guarantee that the correspondence is clear and compact. Toward the finish of the message, the sende r ought to inquire as to whether they have any inquiries with respect to the message or the circumstance. This will ensure that the message was conveyed plainly and precisely. Contingent upon the conditions, a subsequent correspondence might be caused important to keep the families and representatives to exceptional on the circumstance. End All correspondences must be planned with the crowd in mind.The correspondence will differ, contingent upon the conditions and needs of the crowd. In the event that the requirements of the crowd are not considered before passing on a message, there is a decent possibility the correspondence could be fragmented, incorrect, or unsatisfactory for the crowd. In a circumstance like what happened in the Chilean mine breakdown, additional consideration should be taken when connecting with the groups of the people in question. References Weik, J. (2010). More than 30 specialists caught after chilean mine breakdown. Composition submitted for distribution, Library, University of Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona. Recovered from http://web. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. apollolibrary. om/ehost/detail? sid=84e3b3de-0140-Yang, J. (2010). From breakdown to save: inside the chile mine. The Star, Retrieved from http://www. thestar. com/news/world/chile/article/873382 Communication 1 (Phone call to groups of caught diggers) This is Mike Miller, activities boss at San Jose mine. One of our mines endured a collapse today leaving 33 of our workers, including your better half, caught underground for now. We have no data with regards to their state of being or to what extent it will be before we can contact them. We have everybody conceivable taking a shot at the circumstance and we are planning to have them out very soon.I simply need to tell you that my petitions are with your family. In the event that you have any inquiries whatsoever don’t dither to call. When we hear anything you will be the first to know. Correspondence 2 (Memo to workers) To: Sa n Jose Mine Employees One of our mines endured a collapse today leaving 33 of our representatives caught underground. We are at present taking a shot at the circumstance and are doing all that we can to contact them. This circumstance ought to remind us how cautious we should be the point at which we are working in the mines. When we have any data on the circumstance we will tell you. HR Knowing Your Audience Running head: KNOWING YOUR AUDIENCE Knowing Your Audience Name BCOM/275 Teacher Knowing Your Audience On August 5, 2010, a little copper mine situated in Chile endured a collapse which left 33 specialists caught underground. With laborers being caught 300 meters subterranean with restricted food, water, and oxygen, no one knew without a doubt to what extent they would endure. Following four days of being caught, there was still no thought if any of the diggers were even alive. At no other time have such a significant number of laborers endure being caught underground for such a long time (Yang, 2010).Fortunately, for this situation, tears went to wonder as every one of the 33 excavators were found and safeguarded with no lives lost. No one actually ever hopes to experience a circumstance like this until it occurs. What does the business tell the groups of the individuals who are caught in the mine? What does the business tell its representatives? These are questions that numerous ind ividuals don't set themselves up for. These sorts of correspondences must be taken care of carefully and in view of the crowd. What are a few contemplations to recollect given the various jobs and individuals in the audience?This paper will talk about a portion of the likely needs of the groups of the excavators in accepting a message about this episode. It will likewise talk about the expected needs of the company’s workers while getting a message about this episode. At long last, this paper will discuss what moves an individual must make when the message is conveyed to guarantee that it was gotten as expected. As referenced before, there are a few contemplations an individual needs to recall when speaking with the groups of the people in question and workers in this issue on account of the various jobs and individuals in the audience.If the crowd isn't thought about when passing on a message, the correspondence could be lost, misjudged, or fragmented. This could leave the c rowd deceived and irate. When speaking with the families, there ought to be a feeling of compassion and compassion coordinated toward them. Correspondence to the families ought to be instant with the goal that they don't need to find out about what befell their friends and family on the news. The groups of the casualties might presumably want to know how this could have occurred and what is being done to get them out.The families don’t know as much about mining as the representatives do so they would most likely like a clarification of what turned out badly. These kinds of circumstances are extreme on the grounds that the organization needs to keep the families educated, yet now and again the sender knows as much about the occurrence as the families do. Imparting to the representatives about the occurrence would be somewhat unique. Individuals that work in the mining field think about the risks of collapses as of now. So there would be no compelling reason to broadly expound on the occurrence. The correspondence ought to emphasize the significance of wellbeing on-the-job.The correspondence should likewise tell the representatives that everything conceivable is being done to protect the caught laborers. Remembering that the representatives could have companions who are caught, the correspondence ought to likewise make reference to workers that on the off chance that they are not in the â€Å"right condition of mind† to work, they should get some much needed rest for their own wellbeing. Before a message of any sort is conveyed to the crowd it ought to be edited and twofold checked for syntactic blunders and incorrectly spelled words. The sender ought to likewise see whether there will be any language hindrances when speaking with the audience.If the strategy for correspondence is a call, it is a smart thought to have a prewritten content to peruse off of to guarantee that the correspondence is clear and succinct. Toward the finish of the message, the sender ought to inquire as to whether they have any inquiries in regards to the message or the circumstance. This will ensure that the message was conveyed plainly and precisely. Contingent upon the conditions, a subsequent correspondence might be made important to keep

Locke on the Social Contract Theory Free Essays

Implicit understanding Theory is a way of thinking, which expresses that political and moral commitments of an individual are rendered to him, upon an understanding between the ruler and the general public. This understanding administers both the ruler and the controlled society to act as per each other. John Locke, alongside Thomas Hobbes and Jean Jacques Rousseau, is extraordinary compared to other known defenders of this hypothesis, which rose as one of the most persuasive political speculations throughout the entire existence of the Modern West. We will compose a custom article test on Locke on the Social Contract Theory or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now Implicit understanding Theory was a response to dismiss the Divine Right Theory, which was utilized by lords and sovereigns as their reason for their entitlement to run the show. Locke’s generally significant and powerful works are in his book, Two Treatises on Government. The first treatise in quite a while composing is outfitted towards the dismissal of Divine Right hypothesis; and the subsequent treatise states Locke’s own perspectives on the support for the common government, which he entitled An Essay Concerning the True Original Extent and End of Civil Government. John Locke’s Social Contract Theory held a positive view about human instinct. He contended that people have an endowment of reason, and man’s regular condition is a condition of great and complete freedom wherein, people live their lives at its best without impedance from others. Individuals are thought to be in equivalent balance with each other and are limited by the Law of Nature. This Law of Nature anyway is as indicated by Locke’s see is the premise of all ethical quality, and in this way should not stretch out to hurt different people’s rights with respect to their life, wellbeing, freedom or assets (Locke 2003). Further more, as his idea of State of Nature needs thoughtful force among men and an intrigue to the Law of Nature permitting individuals to guard themselves. In light of this absence of power, a war is probably going to break out, accordingly inciting the motivation to forsake the State of Nature and perceive an agreement that will thus frame an administration. This, thus to man’s being able to think judiciously, people submit themselves to a more significant position expert for the security of their privileges. In any case, in Locke’s Social Contract Theory, a levelheaded individual will just consent to an administration, with insignificant and restricted control, and a legislature that is constrained by the residents. Since for Locke, the administration can be effortlessly attracted to get prohibitive, degenerate and harsh of forces, in this way inciting the people to consistently hold some control over the legislature for opportunity and equity. This issue concerning opportunity has consistently been integral to Locke’s showcase government. Government should consistently utilize the correct mix of opportunity and limitations with it. For the individuals, their property and lives are their discerning advantages; and their idea to shape an administration is outfitted towards the assurance of these interests. Along these lines, the individuals, despite the fact that placing the security of their privileges in the legislature, are as yet frightful of the government’s potential force (The Social Contract). Along these lines, as per Locke, should the administration stop to get receptive to its residents, the legislature ought to be toppled. They despite everything hold the option to rebel against their ruler in the event that they understand that their ruler is not, at this point ready to take into account their requirements and has been harsh and severe to the privileges of man. Locke likewise bolstered the possibility of free enterprise, wherein there will be constrained government intercession for the market to have the option to create a prosperous common society dependent on individual’s balanced rivalry. Locke’s variant of the hypothesis has assumed an extraordinary job in the improvement of the Western governmental issues, especially in America. His implicit agreement in addition to free enterprise, has additionally turned into the reason for advertise organizations. Locke’s hypothesis has been powerful to the present criminal equity framework, with property assuming a fundamental job in the society’s government and agreement that sets up it. With the State of Nature acting naturally confused when nobody will undoubtedly control the condition of freedom for men, henceforth realizing the State of War, and in the long run making the need to set up an agreement between the ruler and the controlled society to empower individuals to legitimately safeguard their life and freedom. Along these lines, the need to ensure their properties has incited the individuals to forsake the State of Nature and structure the implicit understanding between the common society and the legislature. Given the incredible impact that John Locke has presented through his political hypotheses, his ways of thinking have kept on living until now, particularly in American governmental issues. The criminal equity framework and world legislative issues when all is said in done have shown solid compelling legacy from Locke’s ways of thinking; specifically relating to the manner in which the administration must deal with its issues, in order to satisfy the common society who set them in power. The Democratic type of government and criminal framework, wherein the common society is constantly left with a decision to whom must be placed into power is a case of an implicit understanding. What's more, thusly, the oust or government pioneers who didn't much perform to help the individuals is an outline of Locke’s hypothesis. Reference Locke, John. (2003) Two Treatises of Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration. Yale University Press. The Social Contract. Recovered October 25, 2007 from http://www.sagepub.com/upm-information/2769_Swri01.pdf  Step by step instructions to refer to Locke on the Social Contract Theory, Essay models

Key Activities Block in Business Model Canvas

Key Activities Block in Business Model Canvas KEY ACTIVITIESAs the title suggests, these are the most important tasks a company must carry out in order to fulfill its business purpose. To be successful, a company must carry out key actions that are primarily dictated by its business model. As we studied with the key resources building block, key activities are similarly pivotal in an organization fulfilling its value proposition, reaching its customer segments, sustain its customer relationships and ultimately create long-term revenue streams. Key activities are different according to the business model of the organization carrying out the activity. Hence, an organization that relies heavily on its 3rd party contracts will list channel management as a key activity. A product-driven business will lend more significance to activities such as continuous research to understand their users better as well as constant innovation in technology.Hence, it is safe to assume that a key activity for software giant Microsoft is Software Devel opment; similarly, for computer manufacturer Dell, supply chain management may be a key activity, and a consulting business like McKinsey probably lists solving client problems as its key activity.QUESTIONS TO CONSIDERWhen evaluating your business through the Key Activities building block it is essential that you take a holistic view of the business and evaluate related building blocks as well, to understand how they will contribute to your key activities.Based on our value propositions, what kinds of activities are key to our business?What kinds of activities are key to our distribution channels?What kinds of activities are important if we want to maintain our customer relationships?What kinds of activities are fundamental to our revenue streams?Our Value Propositions will obviously have the most profound impact on the kind of activities we carry out. However, as the business flourishes, we may begin to include unnecessary activities within this block as well. To prevent this, we u se a method called the Minimum Viable Product or MVP, which is the most basic version of your product made through a single cycle of the build, measure and learn loop. Most entrepreneurs will resist the Minimum Viable Product because everyone believes that for a product to be a success, it must provide maximum value to its customers. This brings us back to the Customer Segment and Value Proposition building blocks where we learnt that we have to be selective about the customers we target and the kind of value we provide by relieving their pains and giving them gains. Creating a bloated product with tons of extra feature that are of no value to your customer but which add to his investment, is not the way to go. A product is a combination of its form and function, function being what it does and form detailing how it does it. This form is crucial to the customer experience and helps in determining the key activities. Similarly, the kind of customer relationship you want establish wil l also entail certain key activities to bring it about and so on.TYPICAL ACTIVITIESAs mentioned earlier the Key activities building block creates a bridge between your value propositions and the customer segments’ needs. Some typical key activities that are commonly practiced by most organizations are listed below;Research DevelopmentThe research and development department is required to liaise with all other functions of the company whether it be production, marketing or sales. The typical functions of a research department are mentioned below;New Product Research: Before a new product can be produced, it must first go through the research and development department which will explore what the design of the product should be, the expected production costs and how long it will take to produce sufficient amounts of the product. RD also looks into how much customers want or need the product.New Product Development: the research phase naturally leads to the product being developed d ue to the results achieved from the research phase.Existing Product Updates: RD must also look into existing products to see if they require an upgrade based on evolving consumer needs or new entrants into the product category in the market. These changes can additionally be attributed to product glitches that need resolving.Quality Checks: Companies can ask their RD departments to conduct quality checks or they may require the department to collaborate with the Quality Assurance team since they are well versed in the specifications of the product and are ideal for evaluating whether all products are up to the quality standards set by the company.Innovation: The RD team is also responsible for keeping an eye on innovations and new trends within the industry and ensuring that their product stays abreast of these trends.ProductionProduction management consists of a number of activities which are outlined below;Selection of product and design: the first step is to select the right prod uct and the right design for the product. This is a crucial decision because the combination of the right product (Value Proposition) and the right design (Key Activities)will dictate the success or the failure of the company. Value engineering and value analysis are parts of this activity.Selection of Production Process: this stage consists of deciding what production process the organization will be using including the right technology, machines, inventory management system, etc.Selecting Right Production Capacity: The production management must have full knowledge of the expected demand for the product and set the production capacity accordingly, since either a dearth or a surplus of the product may lead to problems for the company. Break-even analysis is the most popular tool used by production managers to predict capacity.Production Planning: The production manager must decide on the routing and scheduling of the product. Routing is aimed at creating a smooth flow of work by di scovering the easiest and most economical flow of work. Scheduling, on the other hand, refers to the timing of activities by mentioning a start and end time for each.Production Control: The production manager is also responsible for monitoring and controlling the production process. This is done by comparing planned production with actual production, exploring deviations if any and ultimately correcting these deviations to meet planned production.Quality and Cost Control: In today’s economically driven world, consumers won’t the maximum quality for the cheapest price and access to the internet and a world of options make them more discerning and fickle. Hence, it falls on the production manager to not only ensure that he is continuously improving the quality of the product but also to reduce costs so their product can remain competitive in the market in terms of price.Inventory Control: Inventory Control is fundamental to a production driven business because it prevents overstoc king or understocking. Overstocking means the company will be spending more money on materials that will ultimately go to waste. Understocking will effect production and result in late deliveries.Maintenance and Replacement of Machines: The production manager must be on top of the condition of the machines under his function by constantly monitoring them and scheduling regular maintenance like oiling, replacing worn parts, cleaning, etc. This function ensures that there are no unexpected breaks in production.MarketingThe Marketing department is responsible for the growth of the company by getting word of the company’s existence and the value it provides to its customers. The functions of the marketing department are explained below;Strategy: The senior members of the marketing team are responsible for drafting and getting approval of a marketing strategy for the company, based on its overall goals and missions before cascading this strategy throughout the department and creating g oals based on it.Market Research: The Marketing department must have full knowledge of the market the company is operating in including the strengths and weaknesses of the product according to the customer, potential competitors in the market to whom the company may lose market share or weaker competitors from whom company can get market share.Product Development: The marketing team works in conjunction with the product development team constantly. This is done by identifying possible gap areas in the market for which the company can develop a product to address an unmet need. They are the ones with their fingers on the customer pulse and are a source of insight into consumer needs and feelings. Once the product is developed, the marketing team is also involved in pricing the product.Communications: The marketing team is responsible for all communication to go out in the market regarding the product. The nature of this communication varies from press releases to online product revie ws, advertisements, e-mails, etc.Sales Support: Marketing also works closely with the Sales team by providing them with customer leads, as well as promotional materials for potential customers.Events: Marketing is also responsible for organizing and executing events such as seminars, product launches, exhibitions, etc. they will typically call key or prospective customers to such events as well.Sales Customer ServicesSales and customer service play a key role in the purchase and post purchase behavior and experience of your customer. This department is key to ensuring that you build a cadre of repeat customers who will become your advocates in the market and drive more business in through word of mouth. Conversely, these customers can also be extremely vocal if they have suffered a bad customer experience with you and can just as easily drive business away. Hence, one of the most crucial weapons in your arsenal is your sales and customer services team. They fulfill the following re sponsibilities on behalf of your company;Handling Problems: Customer service representatives generally spring into action when customers call in with complaints. The breadth of their authority is dependant on company policy but their core task is to ensure that when an irate customer calls, they do everything, within the scope of their job description, to leave him happy or satisfied when he hangs up. Some customer representatives are empowered to solve the problem on the spot by providing a replacement or returning the money. Others may act as gatekeepers who take information and then route it to the relevant departments.Assisting in Sales: Customer representatives are also depended upon to help increase the sales of the organization. They may do this by educating customers on the value propositions the product offers. Others may use upselling by telling customers who call in to upgrade their services for improved quality.Clerical Tasks: some companies may include administrative an d clerical tasks within the ambit of the role of the customer services representative. So representatives may be routing calls to relevant support departments, maintaining a record of customer accounts including new customers and recording any changes that may occur in these accounts.Job Specific Responsibilities: though the general spirit of the role remains the same, the details may vary according to the organizational context and industrial realities facing the organization. Hence a customer services representative at an FMCG company may be responsible for a big account like Metro. A customer representative at a bank may also be doing some duties that a bank teller typically does such as counting money, etc.CATEGORIES FOR KEY ACTIVITIESProductionThese activities are generally a characteristic of manufacturing firms and entail the design, creation and delivery of significant quantities of the product.For a company that manufactures and sells pantyhose, typical value propositions a re listed below;This pantyhose lasts longer and, therefore, saves consumers the money they would spend on frequent replacements.It provides resistance, so feet don’t slip in heels.The product is machine washable.Easy to store packaging.The Key activities would then be;Control of production and manufacturing;Manage website, online orders and the distribution of the product;Create a branding strategy;Marketing and promotion of the product;Product and packaging design.Problem-solvingSome consumers or customers have chronic problems. Organizations that list problem-solving as a main activity are usually aiming to find unique solutions to these individual problems. Consultancies, hospitals, and most service organizations typically are trying to solve customer problems uniquely. These organizations are characterized by lots of knowledge management and a focus on continuous learning.Jiffy Lube is a chain of over 200 businesses in North America which offers oil change and other automotive services to its clientele. Hence, it is a service firm that aims to provide a solution to a recurring problem its target customers may have. Jiffy’s value propositions are:Keep cars healthy;Keep clothes clean and garages tidy;Save customers’ time and help them avoid the hassle of their cars breaking down.Based on these, the key activities performed at Jiffy can be as follows;Change the oil of cars;Perform other maintenance work;Promote their services to customers through upselling and other marketing activities.Such organizations will have detailed records on repair work done on the automobiles of their repeat customers and will be able to handle the car with full knowledge of its history, much like a doctor with a regular patient.Platform/ networkA business model where the platform is a key resource usually has platform or network-related key activities. Networks, brands, and software can all be a part of a platform or network-related business.Agile Enterprise Architecture or AEA offers its services to companies experiencing a surge of work or a cascade of models that need to be done within a limited amount of time. The company’s value propositions are as follows;Low-cost architecture modeling;Agile and available when needed by customers;In the cloud;Its environmentally friendly especially if the client company is willing to forego travel;Efficient and effective;Involves minimal risk.Based on these the key activities for this organization are;Cloud-based architectural modeling as a service;Cloud-based enterprise architecture software as a service;Frequent health checks for the architecture to make sure it remains robust with changing environment.CASE STUDY LINKEDIN © Entrepreneurial Insights based on the concept of Alex OsterwalderIn this article, we will look at the “Key Activities” block in the Business Model Canvas. We will cover, 1) an introduction to key activities, 2) questions to consider, 3) typical activities, 4) categories for key activities, and 5) a case study on LinkedIn.KEY ACTIVITIESAs the title suggests, these are the most important tasks a company must carry out in order to fulfill its business purpose. To be successful, a company must carry out key actions that are primarily dictated by its business model. As we studied with the key resources building block, key activities are similarly pivotal in an organization fulfilling its value proposition, reaching its customer segments, sustain its customer relationships and ultimately create long-term revenue streams. Key activities are different according to the business model of the organization carrying out the activity. Hence, an organization that relies heavily on its 3rd pa rty contracts will list channel management as a key activity. A product-driven business will lend more significance to activities such as continuous research to understand their users better as well as constant innovation in technology.Hence, it is safe to assume that a key activity for software giant Microsoft is Software Development; similarly, for computer manufacturer Dell, supply chain management may be a key activity, and a consulting business like McKinsey probably lists solving client problems as its key activity.QUESTIONS TO CONSIDERWhen evaluating your business through the Key Activities building block it is essential that you take a holistic view of the business and evaluate related building blocks as well, to understand how they will contribute to your key activities.Based on our value propositions, what kinds of activities are key to our business?What kinds of activities are key to our distribution channels?What kinds of activities are important if we want to maintain o ur customer relationships?What kinds of activities are fundamental to our revenue streams?Our Value Propositions will obviously have the most profound impact on the kind of activities we carry out. However, as the business flourishes, we may begin to include unnecessary activities within this block as well. To prevent this, we use a method called the Minimum Viable Product or MVP, which is the most basic version of your product made through a single cycle of the build, measure and learn loop. Most entrepreneurs will resist the Minimum Viable Product because everyone believes that for a product to be a success, it must provide maximum value to its customers. This brings us back to the Customer Segment and Value Proposition building blocks where we learnt that we have to be selective about the customers we target and the kind of value we provide by relieving their pains and giving them gains. Creating a bloated product with tons of extra feature that are of no value to your customer b ut which add to his investment, is not the way to go. A product is a combination of its form and function, function being what it does and form detailing how it does it. This form is crucial to the customer experience and helps in determining the key activities. Similarly, the kind of customer relationship you want establish will also entail certain key activities to bring it about and so on.TYPICAL ACTIVITIESAs mentioned earlier the Key activities building block creates a bridge between your value propositions and the customer segments’ needs. Some typical key activities that are commonly practiced by most organizations are listed below;Research DevelopmentThe research and development department is required to liaise with all other functions of the company whether it be production, marketing or sales. The typical functions of a research department are mentioned below;New Product Research: Before a new product can be produced, it must first go through the research and development department which will explore what the design of the product should be, the expected production costs and how long it will take to produce sufficient amounts of the product. RD also looks into how much customers want or need the product.New Product Development: the research phase naturally leads to the product being developed due to the results achieved from the research phase.Existing Product Updates: RD must also look into existing products to see if they require an upgrade based on evolving consumer needs or new entrants into the product category in the market. These changes can additionally be attributed to product glitches that need resolving.Quality Checks: Companies can ask their RD departments to conduct quality checks or they may require the department to collaborate with the Quality Assurance team since they are well versed in the specifications of the product and are ideal for evaluating whether all products are up to the quality standards set by the company.Innovation: The RD team is also responsible for keeping an eye on innovations and new trends within the industry and ensuring that their product stays abreast of these trends.ProductionProduction management consists of a number of activities which are outlined below;Selection of product and design: the first step is to select the right product and the right design for the product. This is a crucial decision because the combination of the right product (Value Proposition) and the right design (Key Activities)will dictate the success or the failure of the company. Value engineering and value analysis are parts of this activity.Selection of Production Process: this stage consists of deciding what production process the organization will be using including the right technology, machines, inventory management system, etc.Selecting Right Production Capacity: The production management must have full knowledge of the expected demand for the product and set the production capacity accordingly, since eit her a dearth or a surplus of the product may lead to problems for the company. Break-even analysis is the most popular tool used by production managers to predict capacity.Production Planning: The production manager must decide on the routing and scheduling of the product. Routing is aimed at creating a smooth flow of work by discovering the easiest and most economical flow of work. Scheduling, on the other hand, refers to the timing of activities by mentioning a start and end time for each.Production Control: The production manager is also responsible for monitoring and controlling the production process. This is done by comparing planned production with actual production, exploring deviations if any and ultimately correcting these deviations to meet planned production.Quality and Cost Control: In today’s economically driven world, consumers won’t the maximum quality for the cheapest price and access to the internet and a world of options make them more discerning and fickle. H ence, it falls on the production manager to not only ensure that he is continuously improving the quality of the product but also to reduce costs so their product can remain competitive in the market in terms of price.Inventory Control: Inventory Control is fundamental to a production driven business because it prevents overstocking or understocking. Overstocking means the company will be spending more money on materials that will ultimately go to waste. Understocking will effect production and result in late deliveries.Maintenance and Replacement of Machines: The production manager must be on top of the condition of the machines under his function by constantly monitoring them and scheduling regular maintenance like oiling, replacing worn parts, cleaning, etc. This function ensures that there are no unexpected breaks in production.MarketingThe Marketing department is responsible for the growth of the company by getting word of the company’s existence and the value it provides to its customers. The functions of the marketing department are explained below;Strategy: The senior members of the marketing team are responsible for drafting and getting approval of a marketing strategy for the company, based on its overall goals and missions before cascading this strategy throughout the department and creating goals based on it.Market Research: The Marketing department must have full knowledge of the market the company is operating in including the strengths and weaknesses of the product according to the customer, potential competitors in the market to whom the company may lose market share or weaker competitors from whom company can get market share.Product Development: The marketing team works in conjunction with the product development team constantly. This is done by identifying possible gap areas in the market for which the company can develop a product to address an unmet need. They are the ones with their fingers on the customer pulse and are a source of insi ght into consumer needs and feelings. Once the product is developed, the marketing team is also involved in pricing the product.Communications: The marketing team is responsible for all communication to go out in the market regarding the product. The nature of this communication varies from press releases to online product reviews, advertisements, e-mails, etc.Sales Support: Marketing also works closely with the Sales team by providing them with customer leads, as well as promotional materials for potential customers.Events: Marketing is also responsible for organizing and executing events such as seminars, product launches, exhibitions, etc. they will typically call key or prospective customers to such events as well.Sales Customer ServicesSales and customer service play a key role in the purchase and post purchase behavior and experience of your customer. This department is key to ensuring that you build a cadre of repeat customers who will become your advocates in the market and drive more business in through word of mouth. Conversely, these customers can also be extremely vocal if they have suffered a bad customer experience with you and can just as easily drive business away. Hence, one of the most crucial weapons in your arsenal is your sales and customer services team. They fulfill the following responsibilities on behalf of your company;Handling Problems: Customer service representatives generally spring into action when customers call in with complaints. The breadth of their authority is dependant on company policy but their core task is to ensure that when an irate customer calls, they do everything, within the scope of their job description, to leave him happy or satisfied when he hangs up. Some customer representatives are empowered to solve the problem on the spot by providing a replacement or returning the money. Others may act as gatekeepers who take information and then route it to the relevant departments.Assisting in Sales: Customer represen tatives are also depended upon to help increase the sales of the organization. They may do this by educating customers on the value propositions the product offers. Others may use upselling by telling customers who call in to upgrade their services for improved quality.Clerical Tasks: some companies may include administrative and clerical tasks within the ambit of the role of the customer services representative. So representatives may be routing calls to relevant support departments, maintaining a record of customer accounts including new customers and recording any changes that may occur in these accounts.Job Specific Responsibilities: though the general spirit of the role remains the same, the details may vary according to the organizational context and industrial realities facing the organization. Hence a customer services representative at an FMCG company may be responsible for a big account like Metro. A customer representative at a bank may also be doing some duties that a ba nk teller typically does such as counting money, etc.CATEGORIES FOR KEY ACTIVITIESProductionThese activities are generally a characteristic of manufacturing firms and entail the design, creation and delivery of significant quantities of the product.For a company that manufactures and sells pantyhose, typical value propositions are listed below;This pantyhose lasts longer and, therefore, saves consumers the money they would spend on frequent replacements.It provides resistance, so feet don’t slip in heels.The product is machine washable.Easy to store packaging.The Key activities would then be;Control of production and manufacturing;Manage website, online orders and the distribution of the product;Create a branding strategy;Marketing and promotion of the product;Product and packaging design.Problem-solvingSome consumers or customers have chronic problems. Organizations that list problem-solving as a main activity are usually aiming to find unique solutions to these individual proble ms. Consultancies, hospitals, and most service organizations typically are trying to solve customer problems uniquely. These organizations are characterized by lots of knowledge management and a focus on continuous learning.Jiffy Lube is a chain of over 200 businesses in North America which offers oil change and other automotive services to its clientele. Hence, it is a service firm that aims to provide a solution to a recurring problem its target customers may have. Jiffy’s value propositions are:Keep cars healthy;Keep clothes clean and garages tidy;Save customers’ time and help them avoid the hassle of their cars breaking down.Based on these, the key activities performed at Jiffy can be as follows;Change the oil of cars;Perform other maintenance work;Promote their services to customers through upselling and other marketing activities.Such organizations will have detailed records on repair work done on the automobiles of their repeat customers and will be able to handle the car with full knowledge of its history, much like a doctor with a regular patient.Platform/ networkA business model where the platform is a key resource usually has platform or network-related key activities. Networks, brands, and software can all be a part of a platform or network-related business.Agile Enterprise Architecture or AEA offers its services to companies experiencing a surge of work or a cascade of models that need to be done within a limited amount of time. The company’s value propositions are as follows;Low-cost architecture modeling;Agile and available when needed by customers;In the cloud;Its environmentally friendly especially if the client company is willing to forego travel;Efficient and effective;Involves minimal risk.Based on these the key activities for this organization are;Cloud-based architectural modeling as a service;Cloud-based enterprise architecture software as a service;Frequent health checks for the architecture to make sure it remains robust with cha nging environment.CASE STUDY LINKEDINLinkedIn is one of the world’s premier business networking websites. The value propositions it provides to its customers are as follows;Manage professional profile and build a robust professional network;Target and reach the right talent;Communicated with the right audience;Access to LinkedIn database though API’s and widgets.As you can see LinkedIn is a platform/ network based company characterized by a high focus on providing sharing capabilities to its customers. The Key activities performed at LinkedIn would then be;Platform DevelopmentHence, LinkedIn spends a majority of its budget and time in ensuring that its platform remains scalable and usable as the consumer base grows rapidly.

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 596 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? The Cardiovascular System consists of two components which are the heart and the blood vessels. The heart performs the function of pumping blood while the blood vessels act as the channels through which blood is transported to various parts of the body. The process of blood circulation to different parts of the body is divided into two functional structures which are the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit. The pulmonary circuit refers to the flow of blood through the lungs while the systemic circuit refers to the movement of blood to other parts of the body. The cardiovascular system has the heart as its primary organ, and it performs vital functions that facilitate circulation of oxygenated blood throughout the body. The contractions of the heart create pressure on the blood vessels which pushes blood to all parts of the body. The heart also pumps blood through the lungs where it receives oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide. This oxygenated blood is usually transported through the arteries while the blood rich in carbon dioxide is transported through the veins. Notably, the blood is responsible for transportation of components such as oxygen, nutrients, waste and even enzymes. The exchange of nutrients and oxygen contained in the blood occurs across the walls of capillaries thus refreshing the blood and tissue fluid. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems" essay for you Create order The respiratory system in humans refers to a combination of several organs which are responsible for oxygen intake into the body and expulsion of carbon dioxide. The lungs are the central organ in the respiratory system as most of the respiratory processes take place in them. When we breathe, air rich in oxygen is taken in through the nostrils, the sinuses into the lungs. The sinuses are hollow spaces in the skull which allow air to go through and help in regulating the temperature of the air breathed in. The trachea which is also called the windpipe carries air down into the lungs, and it branches to into the bronchi which are the two tubes that attach to the to each lung. The trachea is responsible for filtering the air leaving it free of any impurities. The bronchial tubes contain tiny hairs which carry mucus, a sticky substance that traps any impurities that may have invaded the lungs. Mucus, a viscous fluid, collects dust, germs and other matter that has invaded the lungs. We ex pel mucus when we sneeze, cough, spit or swallow. The right lung is larger than the left lung as it has three lobes while the left has two. The left lung is smaller so as to give enough space for the heart which also plays a significant role in the respiratory processes. The lung lobes contain small spongy sacs called alveoli, which are the structures that facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The alveoli have very thin walls made up of a single layer tissue called the epithelial cells and tiny blood vessels known as the pulmonary capillaries. Air is exchanged through the capillaries where oxygen is absorbed, and carbon dioxide is expelled and breathed out. The blood rich in oxygen goes back to the heart where it is pumped to the rest of the body. The circulatory and the respiratory system work coherently to ensure proper circulation of oxygen throughout the body and also in the expulsion of carbon dioxide out of the body. Oxygen is a critical component that facilitates cellular functions like oxidation. The blood circulation is done by the heart whereby it pumps blood to the lungs as well as to the other parts of the body.

Events that Led up to the Creation of the Patriot Act

The Patriot Act was created in the year of 2001, the same year that the tragic day, 9.11, occurred. On September 11th, 2001, 19 terrorists working for Al-Qaeda hijacked four planes, and caused this day to be forever remembered in the history of the United States. At 8:46 AM on September 11th, the first hijacked plane (American Airlines Flight 11) crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center. Specifically, it crashed into the 93-99th floors, trapping everyone on the floors above. Many people had doubts about this being a terrorist attack; they thought that it was just an accident. However, all of those doubts were removed when the second hijacked plane (United Airlines Flight 175) crashed into the South Tower of the World Trade†¦show more content†¦However, the positives of this government action outweigh the negatives greatly. People are safer because of the Patriot Act, but there’s always a downside. People have a great way of looking at the negatives and n ot being able to see that this is for the greater good. Personal security is not very personal anymore, as the police can look at what you do online openly, without a warrant. But, if you’re not doing anything wrong, then you have nothing to worry about. The position held by those who disagree with my view would believe that the Patriot Act is a complete and total violation of Americans rights. They would believe that this is a violation of the fourth, fifth, sixth, and eighth amendments. The act allows the government to get around the Fourth Amendment by allowing them to track who visits which website, and read private emails. (Johnson) Specifically, critics say that this act makes it a lot easier for the federal government to many things, such as obtain information about people, and eavesdrop on telephone conversations. Soon after the Patriot Act was accepted, many people voiced their differing opinions of it. People in civil liberties groups believed that the act took too much freedom away from the people. They believed it violated the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 8th amendments. The 4th amendment states that searches and seizures can only take placeShow MoreRelatedAmerican Revolution : The Great British Army Conquered Parts Of The America n Colonies1027 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment and the Parliament. The laws created by the British soon divided the colonists into Patriots and Loyalists. Patriots were the Americans who decided to take violent actions in order to make the British stop creating these unfair laws. On the other hand, Loyalists were American colonists, yet they were still willing to stay loyal to the British government. Finally, after months of protests by the Patriots, George Washington became the general of the new Continental Army to lead the Americans toRead MoreTerrorism : A Global Issue Essay1749 Words   |  7 PagesAngela Brown Professor Miller English 112 13 Sept 2015 Terrorism Many of us will embrace our loved ones before leaving our homes to start a hectic workday. As we hug our children and kiss our spouses goodbye, the thought of losing them, or our lives to acts of terrorism, is typically not one to cross our minds. On September 11, 2001, this mere thought became the reality for many families. The eleventh of September will forever be remembered as the date a terrorist organization, known as al-Qaeda, attackedRead MoreThe Success Of A Financial Center1266 Words   |  6 Pagesrequiring 164 buildings to be demolished and over 900-thousand cubic meters of land to be excavated and relocated (this land later became a part of Battery Park City). The Port Authority bought over 200,000 tons of steel throughout construction, which took up $74 million of the budget. According to David Johnson, a total of 10,000 construction workers worked on the project, with 60 deaths spanning the two years. At peak of construction, 3,500 workers were working on the buildings at once. A total of $900Read MoreAmendments For The United States1562 Words   |  7 Pagesmaintained. The social contract makes the assertion that the people give up a few of their freedoms and rights in exchange for protection (Barbour Wright, 2014). This idea of freedom for the people spread to the new colonies. These new colonies gradually developed into more advanced systems of freedoms and equalities. Initially, the United States had no power in the central government with the Articles of Confederation. This led the U.S. to form the U.S. Constitution. 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The World Trade Center was a conceptRead MoreImpact of Terrorism on Law Enforcement1566 Words   |  7 PagesImpact of Terrorism in Law Enforcement The devastating events of 9/11 provided a forewarning to our country concerning the dangers of terrorism. However, it has created a particularly greater impact on the duties and standards expected of law enforcement agencies on all levels (local, state, and national). Law enforcement has begun implementing new tactics in an effort to prevent future terrorist attacks from threatening our national security. One aspect of policing in which terrorism has broughtRead MoreThe World Trade Center s South Tower1486 Words   |  6 Pagesprior to the attacks is known as the patriot act. Congress put the Patriot Act, which stands for â€Å"Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism† in place on October 26, 2001, with President George Bush in the drivers seat. It gave what many called controversial powers to the Justice Department in terms of domestic and international surveillance of American citizens and others within its jurisdiction. According to the g overnment the Act was needed to address a situation thatRead MorePerceptions Of The British And Indian War860 Words   |  4 PagesPerceptions of Britain Many events happened during the period of time between 1763-1775, that changed Americans mindset from then until now. Certain people and certain events during this time frame affected the nation of the United States enormously. This time period changed the United States for better and for worse. Certain people like Thomas Paine and Samuel Adams, tenaciously tried to change the course of history; haven wars, such as the French and Indian war altered the perception of the American

Moscow and Grand National Capital Free Essays

1. How did Paris become the model for the Grand National capital city? Paris becomes a model for the Grand National capital city because of its impressive public buildings, but mostly because of the work of Haussmann. Before the transformation, Paris was extremely congested, dirty and unpleasant. We will write a custom essay sample on Moscow and Grand National Capital or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was not unified and it had a lack of an effective transportation system. After Haussmann’s work, Paris becomes a model not only within France but also internationally because of its ideal environment and power. 2. How did Haussmann transform the city in just 2 decades? What was his contribution to the economic development of Paris? Haussmann carved out boulevards through the dense city, and opened up the city. He sold land and helped finance construction of new apartment buildings. Sewer systems and clean water was brought into the city, and space was made for both circulation traffic and armies for control. He even created public restrooms for the city, along with parks and the green areas of the city. Because of Haussmann’s urbanization, Paris grew economically because it became a place that reflected the power of the state and a place of exporting. . Why were the advantages of the Boulevard system? What were the disadvantages? The Boulevard system created a sense of orientation for the city as well as dividing it evenly. It made transportation easier and organized the city in a way. Some disadvantages might be that some people don’t like a repetitive look of the boulevards and that it could create traffic. 4. What was the social de mocratic vision for Paris after World War II? What were its advantages and what were its disadvantages? The social democratic vision for Paris after World War II included things such as national healthcare, free education systems, family allowances, pensions and unemployment insurance. The development of the subways and better transportation systems were some advantages of the changes after WWII. Paris also builds new modern buildings, such as the subsidized housing buildings. However even though the housing was built for the white French people, immigrants later started to move in which caused social problems and separations 5. What are some of the problems that have emerged in recent years in Paris as a result of neo-liberalization and market orientation? What are some of the benefits? Some of the problems that have emerged recently in Paris are that there is still separation between the social classes in the suburbs and then in the city. Paris has been moving towards the more global standard of international development as opposed to a highly regulated system. Consumer choice has become more popular and this allows businesses in Paris to have more freedom in the market. How to cite Moscow and Grand National Capital, Papers

John Steinbeck Development And Portrayal Of His Characters Essays

John Steinbeck: Development and Portrayal of His Characters "And George raised the gun and steadied it, and he brought the muzzle of it close to the back of Lennie's head. The hand shook violently, but his face set and his hand steadied. He pulled the trigger. The crash of the shot rolled up the hills and rolled down again. Lennie jarred, and then settled slowly forward to the sand and he lay without quivering. George shivered and looked at the gun and then he threw it from him, back up on the bank, near the pile of old ashes." This excerpt from and the climax of Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men is one which demonstrates the complexity and power of a moral and social force over an ordinary man. Throughout Steinbeck's novels and stories, he generally portrayed working-class characters who were controlled or manipulated by forces beyond their understanding or control. He isn't saying that an ordinary person does not have a chance but is stating that people or rather the lives of people can be influenced, thereby shaping the outcome ! of their life whether for the better or the worse, by circumstances over which they have limited knowledge or control. For example in Cannery Row an enemy that Steinbeck attacks is a destructive force, one which manipulates people into acting a certain way to attain a sense of security by disregarding feelings for others (French 120). By analyzing Steinbeck's writing style and influences on it, forces and themes present in his writing, and the portrayal of characters in his stories, one can understand how and in what ways John Steinbeck represents his characters as common people who are driven by forces which they cannot comprehend. First, let's look at Steinbeck and any influences on him and his writing style and as a consequence, how they contribute to the concept that his characters are manipulated by pressures which they do not understand or are able to control. Steinbeck was positively fond of people, more than any other writers were and especially fond of men who work for bread in the open air in the fields or mountains (Beach 1). He was interested in people from the beginning, long before he had any theory to account for their ways (Beach 1). With this, Steinbeck chose novel writing as a career, despite his family's insistence for a more prosaic career (Millichap 3153). This traumatic rejection of middle-class values would be an important factor in shaping his fiction (Millichap 3153). He grew up in a frustrated modern America and witnessed the most notable failure of the American dream in the Great Depression (Millichap 3152). During this decadent period, many of Steinbeck's writings of! fered detailed accounts of social problems, particularly the plight of migrant agricultural workers in California's fertile valley (Millichap 3157). From this idea the design for The Grapes of Wrath emerged, which follows one family from Oklahoma and the Dust Bowl to California in search of a better life (Millichap 3158). Of Mice and Men also shows the persistence of the American dream and the tragedy of its failure (Millichap 3156). Several other points which helps elucidate the idea that some omnipotent force has an imperceivable grasp over Steinbeck's characters are the forces and themes found throughout his literature. "Many times to him modern life itself is the enemy in which his characters find themselves lost in a world they never made and want nothing to do with (Folsom 2276). At their best, Steinbeck's stories tell of lives which have turned out far differently from expectations, and the very modesty of these initial expectations allows the author ample scope for discussing that vague malevolence he sees at the heart of life itself (Folsom 2277). The villains which he creates are almost always faceless generalizations which can not be quite understood by his characters (Folsom 2276)." A good example of this can be drawn from The Grapes of Wrath where "the bank" represented an evil which drove the Okies from their farms and had also replaced the "lovable existential mule with the malevole! nt tractor" (Folsom 2276). This system of production and finance involves innumerable instances of cruel hardship and injustice (Beach 5). In addition,

Expository essay Essays - Book Of Genesis, Hebrew Bible, Torah

Expository essay Essays - Book Of Genesis, Hebrew Bible, Torah Expository essay In this essay I will be explaining the bible verses Genesis 16, 18:16-33, 22:1-19. In the Bible it speaks on how God discovers that Abraham ought not be kept oblivious with respect to what God is "going to do" (18:17). God is worried that Abraham charges his relatives to "do honesty," that is, to do equity to the association with God in which they stand. On the off chance that Abraham did not do this, there would be no transmission of the confidence to the people to come and consequently no group to whom the guarantees apply. God's underlying words to Abraham (18:20-21) report the cries of unidentified people about the gravity of the wrongdoings of Sodom. God takes part in a legal request with Abraham, and God- - deciding to show Abraham the methods for equity - counsels with him in regards to the gravity of the circumstance in Sodom. God's utilization of the dialect of "if not" proposes that the fate of Sodom remains to some degree open, regardless of the possibility that God has to begin with chosen what to do. Abraham now remains before God and draws in God with respect to the circumstance in Sodom (18:22-33). He brings up sharp issues with God about the preparatory choice to obliterate the city. He is limit and determined, understanding that God invites such a test (such difficulties to God are additionally present in the mourns; for instance, Psalm 13). "Should not the Judge of all the earth do what is only?" (18:25b). Abraham is particularly worried that the noble in the city not be dealt with in an indistinguishable path from the devilish and brings the issue up in these terms: what number upright should there be in the city for God to spare it? God respects the question as an honest to goodness one. Abraham, for obscure reasons, begins with the number fifty and in the end works his way down to ten. God reacts emphatically to each question Abraham raises. While the numbers ought not be translated in an absolutely exacting manner, they raise the issue of "minimum amount." That is, what numbers of exemplary are important to spare the city from its own particular damaging ways? The development of mischievousness in any group can turn out to be so profound and expansive that there is a lacking number of honorable left in the city to turn the circumstance around. At the point when the number gets down to ten, Abraham perceives this to be the situation and leaves off the scrutinizing, perceiving that the pulverization of the city would be simply. Abraham continues to bring up particular issues about God's preparatory choice to pulverize Sodom in view of the objection against its subjects. The References "BibleGateway." Genesis 18:16-33,Genesis 19:1-29 NIV - - Bible Gateway. BibleGateway, 2014. Web. 17 Feb. 2017 Edition, Anglicized. "Genesis 18:16-33 - God Consults with Abraham." Enter the Bible. The New Revised Standard Version, 2013. Web. 17 Feb. 2017.

The Top 6 ACT Science Tips You Must Use

The Top 6 ACT Science Tips You Must Use SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Many students struggle with ACT Science. Students, who came to me for tutoring after taking their first official ACT test, typically performed worst on this section.It is very fast and unlike any other science test. This section more than any other is about pacing and strategy. I was able to boost my ACT Science score 5 points with a few tips.So, what simple tips and tricks can you use to boost your ACT Science score right now? ACT Science Tip #1: Save the Conflicting Viewpoints Passage for Last Every question in the ACT Science section is worth the same point value, so you want to get the most points in the limited amount of time given (35 minutes total or 52.5 seconds per question). To get the most points, you should save the most time-consuming passage for last, which conflicting viewpoints is.If you do not know the 3 Types of ACT Science Passages, read this articlefirst. As a brief summary, there are 3 types of passages, 7 passages used on the test: 3 Data Representation Passages 3 Research Summaries Passages 1 Conflicting Viewpoints Passage The Conflicting Viewpoints Passage has no graphs or tables.Instead, there are two or more scientists/students/theories presented in short paragraphs.The questions ask you about each viewpoint and the differences and similarities between the viewpoints.You need to read and understand the entire passage to answer the questions.Therefore, this passage will take the longest, so save it for last, so it doesn’t kill your pace. Conflicting Viewpoints should be THE END You should be able to speed through the other 2 types of passages using our next tip: ACT Science Tip #2: Use Only Visuals to Answer Questions in Data Representation and Research Summary Passages Again, since every question is worth the same point value and you only have 52.5 seconds per question, you want to answer as many questions as you can in the shortest amount of time. Saving Conflicting Viewpoints until the end will save you some time, but not reading the Data Representation and Research Summary passages will save you even more time. Most of the questions in these 2 types of passages can be answered by using the visuals and not reading the passage, so you will actually save time and answer more questions correctly by not reading these passages! Counterintuitive, I know. Since the majority of the questions ask you about data which is presented in the visuals, you just need to look at these visuals to find the correct answer. Learn more about this in our other article on time management and section strategy. Again, skip reading these passages, jump right to the questions and answer as many as you can with visuals alone.If you can’t get to a final answer, at least use the visuals for process of elimination: ACT Science Tip #3: Use Process of Elimination Again,you have very little time on the ACT Science section (5 minutes per passage or 52.5 seconds per question). You need to find ways to make the best use of your limited time. So, as you start to notice what cannot be the correct answer, cross it out. This process of elimination will help you make the best use of your time and will lead you to the correct answer. If you don'tuse process of elimination, you may jump to pick an answer before making sure it is the best answer choice. With process of elimination, you know your final answer is the only one thatCANbe correct. If it is wrong, cross it out! You do not want to let anything slow you down, including the big science terms: ACT Science Tip #4: Make Sure You Read the Right Figure and Pay Attention to Labels In my experience teaching students, the most common careless mistake I see is reading the wrong figure and mixing up the labels. If you look at Figure 2 when you're supposed to be looking at Figure 3, you'll make huge mistakes. And you can bet the ACT has trap answers that bait you into these mistakes. Similarly, graphs often have labeled x and y-axes, and you need to make sure you're looking at the correct axis to find the correct data value. Check out my guide on reading graphs to make sure you don't make these mistakes. ACT Science Tip #5: Don't Get Stuck onBig Science Terms ACT Science is really a misnomer; the test should be called the â€Å"reading with very confusing big words and tricky visuals† section.The reason ACT Science does not force you to memorize AP level Bio or complete IB Physics HL problems is that not everyone takes all of that math in high school. For ACT Science to be a fair standardized test for all high school students, the test asks you about basic science concepts in tricky or confusing ways. The ACT Science does not expect you to be familiar with the big science terms it throws at you. ACT Science Tip #6: Don't Study ScienceTerms If you need to know a science term to answer a question, the term will be defined for you in the passage. For most of the large science terms that are not defined,you will not need to understand them to get to the answer.Think of it as a matching game. If a question asks about average change in AGTB and you do not know what that is, simply find the term â€Å"average change in AGTB† in a visual (such as a graph) and then see if you can find the data you need to answer the question. There are only 4 outside knowledge questions on ACT Science that require you to know concepts outside of the passage. We detail every concept you need to know in this guide. Recap Use these 6 tips and you will see an instant improvement: Save the Conflicting Viewpoints Passage for last. Try to use only visuals to answer questions in Data Representation and Research Summary Passages. Use Process of Elimination. Make sure you read the right figure and pay attention to labels. Do not get caught up in the big science terms. Don't actually study science to improve your score. Keep these tips in mind before your test and you'll avoid careless mistakes and save time! These strategies alone may not help you push your score to the maximum. Be sure to check out our other articles for maximum score improvement. What’s Next? Learnabout the differenttypes of questions on the ACT Science section such asfactual questions,interpreting trends questions, and experimental design and hypothetical change questions. Looking for overall ACT Science review? Read our complete guide to the section. Taking the ACT really soon? Check out our guide to cramming. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

Health-related Products Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health-related Products - Case Study Example An increasing score of people is always on the lookout for effective health-related products. Nike iPod sport kit enables the iPod to play any music that motivates the person to perform exercise in accordance with his/her physical condition. It is a perfect device for a health-conscious person who loves listening to music while working out, and who doesn't these days. So far we have been quite successful in following our mission, which is to provide the health-conscious individual with an entertaining exercise experience. Since our product is at the earliest stage of the product life cycle, informing the consumer about the practical benefits of the Nike iPod Sport Kit is critical. Hence, in order to increase the sales of the sport kit, it is mandatory to form a partnership with the gyms, which would hopefully be beneficial for all three companies. 1. As gyms pose the most dangerous threat to the sales of the Nike iPod sport kit, it would be wise to partner with them in order to get decent market publicity. Hence, Nike and Apple would be able to avail the opportunity of selling not only this device but also other products, to gym members and at the gym stores. On the other hand, gyms would also receive numerous benefits from this partnership. Originally unknown gyms partnering with Nike iPod would eventually, be known to be sponsored by Nike and Apple. They would be using these huge brand names in order to attract as many new members as possible. Furthermore, it would also be easier to maneuver the regular costumers of Nike and Apple, to gain memberships at their gyms. 2. There also needs to be a change in the consumers of Nike iPod sport kit. As males are the chief consumers of this product, the aim of this partnership is to convince females into buying this product. Young females of age 22 - 35 years of age are the secondary targets, as they already are members of various gyms. The primary targets are middle or upper class workingwomen, especially those involved in the corporate industry. Use of the product by corporate women would increase its exposure throughout the business industry, resulting in an instant acknowledgement of the innovative technology applied by Nike and Apple Inc. The popularity of this product would also give rise to the sales of other goods manufactured by these companies. A demand for these brand names would further rise in the common market. Advantages of Partnership: For Customers People exercising outside would be able to constantly monitor and regulate their physical state. They can avail the facilities of the gym even when it is not accessible to them for some reason. Holidays or early closing of the gym would not stop people from healthy monitored exercise. High accuracy of the device and its easy operation surpasses the gym equipment in usage. The technology of motivating the user by the choice of songs keeps him running everyday. For the Company The partnership increases exposure of the device to all regular exercisers working out in gyms. The ipod Nano gains further recognition in its quest to maintain its leadership in mp3 players. The best place to explain operation of the device is a gym as it can be practically

Informative speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Informative speech - Essay Example There are many facts you must know about folate. Folate is a very important water-soluble B- vitamin found in a variety of foods. Its natural source is vitamin B9 found in peas, dried beans and other green leafy vegetables. As an additive in its synthetic form folate is found in bread, cereal and grains and is referred to as folic acid. It is also â€Å"found in supplements and added to fortified foods.† (Herbert V. 1999) Folate is indispensable to pregnant and nursing mothers because it helps in the rapid division and production of new cells and also prevents anemia during pregnancy. Some of the foods that are rich in folate are green leafy vegetables, such as spinach and turnip greens. According to the book, Nutrition Concepts and Controversies published in 2006 by Whitney and Sizer, folate is also found in asparagus, broccoli, and spinach. Fruits such as citrus and other juices also contain folate. Folate is also present in dried beans and peas. In 1996, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) published regulations requiring the addition of folate to enriched breads, cereals, flours, pastas, rice, and other grain products which are consumed in good quantity and contributes a good deal to the American diet. According to the reports on the â€Å"The Recommended Dietary Allowances† (RDA) on the amount of folate necessary for children is 200 micrograms, for adults it is 400 micrograms and for pregnant women it is 600 micrograms of folate. .Folate deficiency results from the inadequate intake of folate. The book Clinical Spectrum and Diagnosis of Folate Deficiency published in 2001 by Allen Lindenbaum, explains that medication such as aspirin and other drugs used to treat cancer and alcohol abuse reduces the body’s ability to absorb folate. Folate deficiency in children results in poor or very slow overall growth rate. . In adults, the symptoms include diarrhea,

Stereotypical Gender Characteristics

Stereotypical Gender Characteristics How Stereotypical Gender Characteristics are Shaped by Society Generally, when comparing the differences between males and females, you immediately think of their biological body parts. However, there is another way to differentiate males and females; by their behaviours. Males and females are commonly associated with opposing characteristics. That is to say, men are generally seen as being more aggressive while women are associated to being more nurturing (Shaw, 150 class lecture, Oct 19). What is it exactly that creates this difference in behaviour? Some sociologists suggest that it is due to biological factors. However, I believe that these differences in behaviour are the result of societys influences. The social process known as gender socialization is established in early childhood and further developed and supported throughout life (Shaw, 150 class lecture, Oct 19). At an early age, you are introduced to gender differences by your parents. Throughout your childhood and adolescence, these gender roles are supported by the media, the school s and your peers. If you consider some of the other cultures in the world you will notice that the behaviours of the males and females there arent the same as what we expect here in North America (Haaland Schaefer, 2009). I believe that gender isnt defined by ones biological sex but rather the stereotypical behaviours that are constructed by society. In this essay, I will be addressing a few important agents of socialization and their impact in constructing these stereotypical gender roles. Parents: The first agent of socialization From the moment you entered this world, your parents applied social and cultural stereotypes about femininity and masculinity on to you (Haaland Schaefer, 2009). They did so by pre-selecting the colours of your room, your wardrobe, the toys you play with and when you were old enough, they designated certain chores for you to do (Peters, 1994). All these factors played a crucial role in the gender socialization process. For all you girls, your parents probably gave you a pink room, made you wear dresses and gave you dolls and easy-bake ovens to play with. They probably described you as being â€Å"pretty†, â€Å"cute†, â€Å"sweet† or â€Å"angelic† rather than being â€Å"tough†, â€Å"rugged† or â€Å"strong† (Haaland Schaefer, 2009). In a study about the distribution of chores at home, the boys were more likely to end up with maintenance, yard and car work where as girls were more likely to be given housework like laundry and dish washing (Peters, 1994). Because of this designation, boys and girls grow up performing the tasks that they are more familiar with. When you consider the types of toys that parents buy for their children, you will notice a general trend. Boys tend to get cars, trucks, building blocks and action figures (Martin, 1998). The toy cars and trucks establish an early interest in vehicles. The building blocks emulate construction work and architecture. The action figures not only suggest physical play but they also illustrate the ideal body image of men. If you look at the male action figures these days, they all illustrate exaggerated muscular characteristics (Haaland Schaefer, 2009). It is likewise for the girls. However, instead of getting cars and blocks, they get Barbie dolls and baby simulation dolls. The Barbie dolls had equally exaggerated body images. They left the impression that girls needed have ultra thin figures (Haaland Schaefer, 2009). These toys all served a common purpose of establishing what it means to be a â€Å"boy† and a â€Å"girl†. Parents also had control over what movies and TV shows they wanted their kids to watch. This leads to the next agent of socialization; the media. The Subtle Messages Expressed by the Media The media has a very strong influence in gender socialization. When I say the media, I am referring to Disney movies, Saturday morning cartoons and video games. Disney movies were a huge part of every childhood. In a video regarding the gender stereotypes portrayed in Disney films, men and women were commonly portrayed in regards to their stereotypes (Shaw, 150 Lecture). That is to say, men were all illustrated as brave, muscular, aggressive people who always save the day with physical violence. Women were portrayed as being thin, delicate, helpless people who always needed to be saved by the males. Children are very impressionable, so of course they will want to be just like their favourite Disney characters. How will they go about doing this? By emulating these stereotypical behaviours. Cartoons and video games only help to support these stereotypes (Dietz, 1998). In cartoons and video games, you are more likely to see male protagonists who save the day. Also, you are very likely to see females either as the support character who cheers on the male protagonist on his goals or as the helpless damsel in distress. Video games are no different. Take the Mario brother for example. Here you see two male heroes who have to save a princess from a monster. Movies, cartoons and video games are all the same in the sense that they either lack representation or misinterpret females (Butler, Ciccone, Petrin, Rawlings, Yi, 2002). Peer Pressure and the Hidden Curriculum The next major agents of socialization are the peers and the school. It is through the parents and media that the gender roles are learned. It is at school with teachers and friends that these gender roles are reinforced. In the study conducted by Martin (1998), she observed the daily behaviours of pre-school students. Martin noticed that the boys tended to play with building blocks where as the girls liked to play dress up. When it came to clothing, boys wore primary colours, black, green and orange (Martin, 1998). Girls were commonly seen to be wearing pink. It was observed that about 61% of the girls in the class were wearing pink and roughly 25% were wearing dresses. The girls were frequently complimented by the teacher as looking very pretty and cute (Martin, 1998). Another aspect that Martin examined was the typical sitting behaviour of the children. This was classified as being either relaxed or formal. It was observed that 80% of the boys sat â€Å"relaxed† while 82% of the girls sat in a â€Å"formal† manner (Martin, 1998). Martin also noticed that the teacher reinforced formal sitting behaviour more strongly for the girls than for the boys. Not only were the teachers supporting appropriate gender behaviours but fellow peers were as well. In this situation, one little girl wearing a dress-like shirt is leaning her body over to create a â€Å"tunnel†. As she leans, her shirt rises up exposing her back. This is when another female student comes and pulls the shirt back over her bare skin and gives it a pat to keep it in place (Martin, 1998). This illustrates two things: one of them is that fellow peers reinforce the â€Å"appropriate† gender behaviours and that these â€Å"appropriate† behaviours are already imbedded into children at a very young age. These â€Å"appropriate† gender behaviours are continually followed and further developed throughout elementary, secondary and post secondary. In an experiment conducted on university students (Haaland Schaefer, 2009), students were asked to behave in ways that they regarded to be violating gender norms. Even at the university level, these students identified the same associating gender behaviours as they would have in their childhood. Cultural Differences Lead to Differences in Gender Behaviours Although you may believe that all males and females act as we expect them to, you are not entirely correct (Haaland Schaefer, 2009). Gender behaviours vary from culture to culture. An anthropologist by the name of Margaret Mead explains her findings in favour of gender socialization. If biology did in fact determine the differences between the sexes then cross-cultural differences, like the ones that Mead encountered, should not exist (Haaland Schaefer, 1998). In her studies of three different cultures in New Guinea she noticed that the behaviours of the males and females differed quite significantly (Haaland Schaefer, 2009). Mead describes the typical behaviours of the three cultures: â€Å"In one [the Arapesh], both men and women act as we expect women to act-in a mild parental responsive way; in the second [the Mundugumor], both act as we expect men to act-in a fierce initiating fashion; and in the third [the Tchambuli], the men act according to our stereotypes for women-are catty, wear curls, and go shopping-while the women are energetic, managerial, unadorned partners.† As we can see, the different cultures are a crucial factor in determining the differences in behaviours between the sexes. If males and females were biologically meant to act and think in a certain way, then there wouldnt be so much variation between cultures. Conclusion In North America, we have the perception that males need to be aggressive, macho and muscular while females are thinner, smaller and more nurturing. These perceptions are taught to us at an early age and are reinforced throughout our lives. Starting from childhood, we begin to learn about and emulate these gender behaviours. With the help of our parents, Disney movies, toy figures, school and peers, these gender behaviours are more strongly embedded into our minds. Gender differences are constructed by societys influences. Mead clearly observed the presence of cultural conditioning and its effects on the three different cultures in New Guinea. Although our sexes are biologically defined, the way we associate our behaviours and characteristics are not. Our socialized genders are defined by the culture and society that surrounds us. Bibliography Butler, A., Ciccone, A., Petrin, M., Rawlings, T., Yi, W. (2002). Gender Role Socialization and Inequality. 360-361. Retrieved from http://www.oise.utoronto.ca/CASAE/cnf2002/2002_Papers/rtbutler_aetal2002w.pdf Dietz, T. L. (1998). An Examinationof Violence and Gender Role Portrayals in Video Games: Implications for Gender Socialization and Aggressive Behaviour. Sex Roles. (38). 425-442. Retrieved from http://springerlink.metapress.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/content/r326135512365r40/fulltext.pdf Haaland, B., Schaefer, R. T. (2009). Sociology: A brief introduction. (3rd Canadian Ed.). Canada: McGraw-Hill. Martin, K. A. (1998). Becoming a Gendered Body: Practices of Preschools. American Sociology Review. (63) 494-511. Peters, J. F. (1994). Gender socialization of adolescents in the home: research and discussion. Retrieved from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2248/is_n116_v29/ai_16477249/

Prevention Of Physical And Emotional Problems Education Essay

â€Å" Childs are cherished gifts from God in whom He has planted His really image. Children from the youngest age deserve regard non merely on history of whom they represent but besides on history of who they will finally go † Comenius cited from Early childhood instruction page 90 What are the past beginnings and philosophical constructs of childhood? Has the society ever treated the kid as a ‘whole individual ‘ , given him or her the necessary position in society? Was there a break-through in outlook? The intent of this essay is, to assist me place and derive an apprehension to see whether childhood became an established and recognized clip of life for the kid throughout the centuries. Personally, I believe that, all kids deserve an chance to turn out their capablenesss and that they should be respected as persons. However, until around the 12th century, European society did non believe of childhood as an of import period of development, in the mode that we do today. Children were non cherished as persons. In the Middle Ages, kids had no position in society, and were considered as illumination grownups. Children were trained to go the future productive members of the society or community. Furthermore, the immature kids were non expected to necessitate any particular intervention. However, this quiet attitude, reflected profoundly in the deficiency of schools available. The possibility of holding proper instruction was distant, and considered to be an excessive luxury tantrum merely for male childs coming from affluent households. Children ‘s public assistance and rights were still non recognised or acknowledged. But society ‘s political orientation towards the construct of childhood changed bit by bit from clip to clip. Research shows that finally, kids stopped being considered as a n add-on part to their households ‘ fiscal economic system. Thankss to the enterprise attempts and work of influential international figures, new constructs of childhood were introduced. New systems and reforms were established to give position to the kid. Towards the 20th century instruction replaced child-labour. Unlike old centuries, society acknowledged the assets of the kid ‘s educational part, instead than his fiscal input. Since so, instruction became the chief component of childhood, and has become a necessity. Much can be said about the 20 first century where, individuality and creativeness are synonymous with early childhood.Surveies into the history of childhood during the medieval timesThis was non ever the instance, as one of the most controversial issues of the survey of childhood ‘s history is whether or non kids were treated as illumination grownups. Early surveies into the history of childhood were those of Rams Philippe ( 1962 ) , Centuries of Childhood and De Mause, Lloyd, ( 1976 ) The History of Childhood. Both historiographers came to a decision and stated that the kids ‘s public assistance has evolved significantly throughout the centuries.A Both historiographers, image a really negative image of childhood, in the earlier period. Lloyd De Mause ( 1976 ) went every bit far as stating that ; A † The history of childhood is a incubus from which we have merely late begun to rouse, † Furthermore he stated that ; â€Å" The farther back in history one goes, the lower the degree of kid attention, and the more likely kids are to be killed, abandoned, crush, terrorized, and sexually abused † . Lloyd De Mause, ( ed. ) , The History of Childhood ( London, 1976 ) . On the other manus Rams pointed out and supported this thought by stating that, â€Å" It is difficult to believe that this disregard was due to incompetence or incapacity ; it seems more likely that there was no topographic point for childhood in the mediaeval universe. â€Å" ( Aries, 2002, p.33 ) Furthermore, in his book ‘Centuries of childhood ‘ , he continues to prolong this statement by stating that â€Å" there was no construct of childhood as a stateA different to adulthood in these centuries, and hence, even if parents did experience fondness for their progeny, they did non to the full understand how to react to the emotional demands of their kids. ‘ . Aries, Philippe, 1962, Centuries of Childhood, New York: Random House However, this statement was strongly challenged by Hawalt et Al ( 1986 ) . To turn out her point she researched corner inquest records where it was concluded that mediaeval households did in fact make a differentiation between being a kid and an grownup. Hawalt ( 1986 ) Hwang, P.C. , in Lamb, ME. , and Sigel I.E. ( erectile dysfunction ) ( 1996 ) Images of Childhood. London: Routledge David Archard ( 2001 ) , besides agrees with this sentiment. He argues that â€Å" all societies at all times have had the construct of childhood, that is to state, the construct that kids can be distinguished from grownups in assorted ways † Archard D. , in Heywood. C ( erectile dysfunction ) ( 2001 ) A history of Childhood. USA: Blackwell Publishers Inc. Linda Pollack, ( 1983 ) in her strict research criticised badly all the sentiments of Rams and de Mause and argues that childhood was non every bit austere as it was implied by these two authors. She continues to prolong her point and says, that the parents ever treated their kids in the same manner and that there was no alteration at all during this period. Furthermore, she argues that childhood did non germinate much during this period. A † The texts reveal no important alteration in the quality of parental attention given to, or the sum of fondness felt for babies for the period 1500-1900 † Linda Pollock, Forgotten Children – Parent: Child Relationss from 1500-1900 ( Cambridge University Press, 1983 ) . It is deserving reflecting that, there are different sentiments of how childhood was perceived throughout the centuries. In order to find this, it is of import to set up if there was a alteration, how it changed, and the concluding result of this alteration.The alteration through Historyâ€Å" Any state and people that truly believes attending to kids ‘s attention and instruction during the early old ages is of incomputable value to society would do every sensible attempt to put in preschool instruction ‘ Early on Childhood Education diary, Vol 32, no 3 December 2004 ( c2004 ) Blended perspectives A Global vision for high Quality E.C.E. Between the 16th and seventeenth century ( pre-industrial period ) , England was chiefly rural and agricultural. During their childhood, childs worked in the Fieldss. If they could non work on their households ‘ farm, they were put to work elsewhere. The modern thought of separating childhood from maturity, started to develop throughout the 16th century. Middle category parents began to demand some signifier of formal educational system for their boies. Consequently, schooling for male childs started acquiring popular. This radical societal attitude towards kids and childhood, now requested new educational commissariats. The figure of new schools began spread outing throughout Europe. Parents preferred that their kids attended school, than directing them to larn accomplishments. By the terminal of the 16th century, and beginning of the seventeenth century, society started dividing the function of a kid from that of an grownup. Grown-ups did non waver to demo this alteration. This new construct of childhood put upper category kids in the spotlight, and they shortly became a beginning of amusement among grownups. They were dressed stylish apparels and were the delectation of their parents. However, another perceptual experience of the construct of childhood shortly arose amongst the church and the moralists, who felt the importance of religious development during these early old ages. They thought that kids needed subject and instruction: the kid was perceived as â€Å" a delicate animal, who must be protected, educated, and moulded in conformity with the current educational beliefs and ends † . ( Aries, 2002, p.35 ) However, during the Victorian age, the idea of holding any primary instruction was still non of import. Britain was still short of any primary educational proviso. The Victorian epoch has been depicted by historiographers, as a foundation of the modern construct of childhood. Paradoxically, during this period, the Industrial revolution promoted child labor. During this epoch, the industrial Revolution brought on new occupations. They worked daily in coal mines and mills. They carried out risky occupations. Children were ideal for these occupations as they were nimble, and could creep into little topographic points between the heavy machines. They were paid less than grownups. Throughout their childhood, male childs and misss had no pick but to work hard, in order to assist their households. This was non considered mean or odd, because parents thought that work was of import for the fiscal state of affairs of their households. Throughout this clip, kids spent their childhood crammed in overcrowded suites and an unsanitary environment. All this resulted in bad wellness, hurts, and sometimes even decease. In his novels, Charles Dickens ( 1812 ) emphasizes on the badness of their childhood. Child manual labor was easy diminished and eventually stopped in Britain. This alteration was brought on through the debut of the mill Acts of 1802-1878. However, the idea of holding any primary instruction was non of import during the Victorian Age. Britain and all Europe were still short of any primary educational proviso. When mandatory instruction was introduced in the 19th century there was a despairing opposition from propertyless households. They needed the kids ‘s rewards and would non interchange them with instruction. Throughout history, many early childhood pedagogues struggled to better kids ‘s instruction and holistic demands. Historically they all sustained the same thought that of kids need drama to develop their maximal potency. These nevertheless is non to stipulate that all these influential figures were of the same sentiment about the instruction and theories of larning. They disagreed on several issues, but all emphasized on the critical importance of a multi-sensory attack to larning Froebel, Montessori and Steiner all agreed and set up touchable stuff which enabled the kid to research and detect the universe around them.. Some other innovators of early childhood assumed that kid ‘s development is to its upper limit because it is an innate accomplishment. Although their construct of kid ‘s development differed, Russeau, Piaget and Vygotsky all agreed that the kid ‘s features were portion of ‘nature ‘ . However, the work and attempt of early innovators contributed to the historical and philosophical alterations which finally improved the function of the kids in society. During the 17th and eighteenth century, â€Å" Monitorial † schools, established by the Quaker, Joseph Lancaster, and the New Lanark simple schools, founded by Robert Owen were the lone foundations which provided instruction for the babies. During this period there was still the thought that instruction throughout childhood was irrelevant. The bulk of the kids did non go to school, as it was non yet mandatory. Boys coming from affluent households had the lone chance for some official instruction. They were provided with simple instruction to assist them with basic literacy, and arithmetic. On the other manus, small misss in England, did non go to school, but stayed at place, to larn how to go good married womans. Disabled kids were besides capable to be neglected and forgotten. However it seems to be the instance, that it was really improbable for kids to hold good quality occupations when they became grownups. Lloyd de Mause ( 1976 ) supports this statement, and says that kid s grew up unable to compose or read. De Mause, Lloyd, ( 1976 ) . ( ed. ) , The History of Childhood: London, The Victorians bit by bit realised the importance of the function of the kid during childhood.. Influential reformists started going aware of the true construct of childhood. They started debating the development of kids. Politicians besides become sensitive to the fact that educating kids could be an plus to the future society. Since so this construct of childhood remained dominant in other societies. Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) sustains this by â€Å" the instruction of immature kids could lend to the development of a better society † Nutbrown C. , Clough P. , and Selbie P ( 2010 ) Early on Childhood Education. , London: Sage publications Consequently, during the eighteenth and 19th centuries schools started being established by helpers and politicians who believed that society could be of an advantage by holding better educated kids. Furthermore Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) ‘Schools were being developed and systems devised and expanded, non merely by spiritual administrations and helpers, but besides of class by the socially and politically motivated who were driven, non by spiritual strong belief but by a belief that the instruction of immature kids could lend to the development of a better society Influential Figures and their doctrine of childhood Education is the uterus in which our society reproduces itself and re-creates itself for the hereafter. ( Louis Galea Minister of Education, National Minimum Curriculum Malta -1999 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //curriculum.gov.mt/docs/nmc_english.pdf Many influential figures in history started altering the thoughts, the policies and wonts of how early instruction was perceived by society. Now, it was considered that educating kids would hold societal benefits. Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) pg 5, sustains this statement when she wrote and said ‘seeing instruction and schooling as portion of what we could name a societal intercession to do a difference to the lives of hapless and orphaned kids ‘ Some major influential figures who contributed in the development of early childhood instruction are brought up in this survey. Although their thoughts of childhood development were different all of them thought that the kid ‘s unconditioned inclinations and characteristic were portion of ‘nature ‘ and that larning should be by find and non by instructions. Comenius ( 1592-1670 ) , is credited for presenting the first illustration book for kids who was called: â€Å" Orbis Pictus ( The World of Pictures ) . He believed that kids needed images to assist them larn. His doctrine was based upon the thought that, kids should be permitted to play, learn and detect at their ain gait. He compared the kids to ‘seeds ‘ Selbie & A ; Clough ( 2005 ) diary of early childhood research 2005, Sage Publications ( www.sagepublications.com ) Nutbrown C et Al ( 2010 ) pg 113 continues to prolong this and says, that they need a ‘guiding manus to assist them boom ‘ , and that ‘a kid can non be forced to larn ‘ and attentivenesss on to state that ‘A kid will bloom into the flower he or she was created to go ‘ . Furthermore, he believed in societal betterment of inclusive instruction where ‘all kids should have their instruction, whatever their gender and societal category ‘ . In Nutbrown C. et Al ( 2010 ) During the 18th century Jean-Jacques Rousseau ( 1712-1778 ) , a philosopher, first wrote about ‘nurturing ‘ kids as opposed to the ‘repressive ‘ position taken at the clip ( MacLeod-Brudenell 2004 ) . Rousseau renowned for his book Emilie, encouraged free drama. He focused on the encompassing scenes. His manner is still followed today in early childhood categories. Following on from his work, other theoreticians have developed changing attacks to the attention and instruction of kids. Pestalozzi ( 1746-1827 ) , Pestalozzi, born in Zurich, believed that kids should ‘discover the universe through activity ‘ . Nutbrown C. et Al ( 2001 ) Pg 112. His want was to educate the kid as a whole person. His involvements in kids ‘s rights makes him an of import focal point of historical and philosophical surveies. He was one of the primary laminitiss of inclusive instruction. He founded a school for misss in 1806. Robert Owen ( 1771-1858 ) , Robert Owen ( 1790 ) started the first simple schools for kids whose parents and older brothers worked in the New Lanark Mills. Furthermore, as stated in the book early childhood instruction, Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) he was ‘making an instruction of the community ‘ . He supported the passage of the Factory Act of 1819, and was the first from prohibiting instructors to hit kids. ‘I support a doctrine of instruction which does its best to cut down any demand for penalty ‘ Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) early childhood instruction Sage Publications Froebel ( 1782-1852 ) , ‘Children must get the hang the linguistic communication of things before they master the linguistic communication of words ‘ Friedrich Froebel ( 1895 ) Pedagogies of the Kindergarten research publishing house on cyberspace. The Friedrich Froebel ( 1782-1852 ) , a German pedagogue, was one of the early innovators of the reformation of childhood instruction. As an dreamer, he supported the thought, that every kid from birth had educational potency, and that a appropriate educational scene was imperative to assist the kid to go on to turn and develop his or her optimum potency. â€Å" Young kids are to be regarded and tended basically similar workss. Like these, if they were given the right conditions, they would turn and unfold and flower, by their ain jurisprudence, each harmonizing to its single capacity and fate. † ( Lawrence, 1969, p.195 ) Lawrence, E ( 1969 ) Friedrich Froebel and English Education London, Routledge & A ; Kegan Paul Froebel believed that a kid should larn at his ain gait. The kid should ne'er be hurried or rushed in this childhood development.â€Å" Young animate beings and workss are given remainder, and arbitrary intervention with their growing is avoided, because it is known that the opposite pattern would upset their pure flowering and sound development ; but, the immature human being is looked upon as a piece of wax or a ball of clay which adult male can model into what he pleases † ( Froebel, 1907, p. 8 ) .Froebel, F. ( 1907 ) The Education of Man New York, Appleton & A ; Co Froebel s doctrine of instruction was besides based on the importance of drama during childhood through manipulative stuffs, creativeness and motor experience, the latter mentioning to larning through activities. He maintained the thought that a immature kid can merely larn through direct contact with touchable objects. ‘Children are born with a demand to play and research ‘ Nutbrown C et Al pg11 Early Childhood Education Froebel ‘s dream was to make a universe for small kids†¦ a universe which he called kindergarten. Harmonizing to Froebel, â€Å" drama is the freest active manifestation of the kid ‘s inner ego which springs from the demand of that interior life consciousness to recognize itself externally. † ( Bowen, 1907, p.116 ) Bowen, H. ( 1907 ) Froebel and Education by Self-Activity London, William Heinemann In Froebel ‘s Kindergarten, activities through drama, enhanced a kid ‘s societal, emotional, physical and rational development. Play was the most of import stairss in the kid ‘s growing. In his surveies one of the most evident elements which fascinated Froebel was the kid innate want to play. â€Å" It is through drama that the kid learns the usage of his limbs, of all his bodily variety meats, and with this usage additions wellness and strength. Through drama he comes to cognize the external universe, the physical qualities of the objects which surround him, their gestures, action, and reaction upon each other, and the relation of these phenomena to himself, iˆÂ ­ a cognition that forms the footing of that which will be his lasting stock for life. † ( Bowen, 1907, p.101 ) Bowen, H. ( 1907 ) Froebel and Education by Self-Activity London, William Heinemann To prolong his doctrine, he provided the babies with educational playthings to excite their creativeness. Charlotte Mason 1842-1923 Another innovator was Charlotte Mason whose doctrine in educating was by allowing them use their ain senses and larn through experience. She besides encouraged place instruction. Rachel and Margaret Mc Millan ( 1859-1931 ) , The Macmillan Sisters ( 1859 ) dedicated their lives on advancing a combined sort of service, that of societal, wellness and instruction. This was to promote female parents to convey their kids to the baby's room. Children stayed in well-supervised drama countries. They introduced wellness and societal public assistance in their kindergarten schools to cover with a holistic development of the kid. Rudolf Steiner ( 1861-1925 ) , an Austro-Hungarian philosopher believed that larning should be holistic. In his Waldorf schools, trades music and humanistic disciplines played an of import factor in the school ‘s course of study. Whereas, Montessori and Froebel focused on other facets of larning that of single find, Steiner based his thoughts on more societal facets. Maria Montessori ( 1870-1952 ) , Maria Montessori an Italian doctor, worked with hapless and mentally handicapped kids. She taught them self help accomplishments. Montessori besides believed that kids had an unconditioned ability to larn educational accomplishments. In the Montessori environment, kids were encouraged to rectify their ain errors, therefore allowing the kid to be reinforced positively and later will hold an internal satisfaction/ Whilst Froebel believed that concrete objects would besides learn abstract constructs, Maria Montessori believed that kids ‘s acquisition would steer and assist the kid to construct up a better hereafter. Her multi-sensory attack to acquisition is still really popular in kindergarten categories, presents. Susan Sutherland Isaacs ( 1885-1948 ) Another innovator, Susan Isaacs ‘ influence is experienced in nowadays schools. She established the ‘experimenting ‘ Malting House School in 1924. Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) pg 54 her doctrine highlighted the construct of ‘discovery ‘ acquisition and drama as the kid ‘s primary instruction. She besides believed in the ‘maximum usage of the out-of-doorss ‘ Nutbrown et Al ( 2010 ) pg 107 Jean Piaget ( 1896-1980 Piaget ‘s doctrine besides respects kids as ‘independent scholars ‘ . He argues that kids learn from their self-generated engagement of activities. He besides emphasised the engagement of drama to heighten cognitive development, ‘Piaget viewed drama as a procedure in which the kid is active and through which the kid learns ‘ , ( O'Hagan and Smith, 1993, p.69 ) . O'Hagan, M. & A ; Smith, M. ( 1993 ) Early Old ages Child Care and Education: Key Issues 2nd erectile dysfunction. China: Tindall Piaget spoke about kids during their childhood as being ‘egocentric ‘ , that is to state that because of their restricted cognition of the universe, they have problem understanding the point of position of others. His work presented much unfavorable judgment ; Donaldson ( 1978 ) in peculiar argued that many of Piaget ‘s research lacked relation to existent life. ( Donaldson 1978 ) . Donaldson, M. ( 1978 ) Children ‘s Minds London: Fontana Lev S.Vygotsky ( 1896-1971 ) , Another early theoretician who can be named as a ‘constructivist ‘ is Lev Vygotsky ( 1896-1934 ) . Whilst holding with Piaget that during their childhood, kids were ‘active ‘ scholars, he placed more weight on societal communicating with others, as a manner to excite acquisition. He introduced the ‘zone of proximal development ‘ , Although he besides believed that rational development was natural, he argued that a kid had to hold the counsel of grownups to achieve her optimum potency. ( MacLeod-Brudenell, 2004 ) . MacLeod-Brudenell, I. ( Ed ) ( 2004 ) Advanced Early Years Care and Education Oxford: Heinemann. It can be argued that, the doctrine of these historical figures can be correlated to their reading of the issue of ‘children ‘s rights ‘ . All these past innovators, and present research workers, agree on the fact that there is a really close similarity between the perceptual experience in the construct of childhood, and the claim to kids ‘s rights. All agree that kids have the right to larn. Jalango M.R. et Al, support this thought by saying that â€Å" All immature kids have a right to develop optimally, to hold their intrinsic worth as human existences recognised, and to hold their acquisition facilitated by caring grownups † Jalongo M.R. , Fennimore B.S. , Pattnark. J. , Laverick D. M. , Brewster J. , and Mutuku M. ( 2004 ) Blended positions: A Global vision, † Early on Childhood Education Journal Vol 32, no 3 The construct that acquisition is a procedure which can non be hurried has been continuously echoed through clip by all innovators of Early Childhood instruction. Nowadays kids are continuously made to larn from printed out press releases. It is difficult for me to believe that immature babies can accomplish more from this formal instruction, than they do from experimenting with age- appropriate undertakings. My ideal kindergarten schoolroom is seeing kids experimenting with the nature around them, caring for pets and workss, originative picture, prosecuting themselves in function drama and above all acquiring messy. Acts and Legislations There is no responsibility more of import than guaranting that kids ‘s rights are respected, that their public assistance is protected, that their lives are free from fright and that they can turn up in peace. Kofi Annan, the 7th Secretary-General of the United Nations It is argued that all kids ought to hold an equal chance to show their abilities and should be respected as persons. Unfortunately this was non ever the issue. In 1862, the Revised Code was established. Grants were given to simple schools harmonizing to the class of public presentation and abilities of its students. Gradually the life for hapless kids started altering. It took some clip for the present authorities to make up one's mind that it was of import for the kids to be protected by jurisprudence. Child-labour was discussed in parliament, and it was established that no kid under the age of 10 was allowed to work in a mine. Parliament besides passed a jurisprudence necessitating kids to go to school every hebdomad. This was presented in parliament by Lord Shaftesbury who subsequently on founded and was president of the Ragged School Union. These ‘ragged schools ‘ were for hapless kids. However, school was non yet mandatory, and kids had to pay for this service. The Forster Education Act of 1870 came into force and required that all England would supply simple schools to immature kids. The Mundella Code of 1882 brought on a large alteration. Finally, schooling became mandatory. All kids had to go to school till the age of 10 and subsequently on it became obligatory till the age of 12. Shortly after on, the school ‘s ‘pence ‘ fee was removed so now it was free for all. Discussions started in parliament, to make up one's mind the age when a kid should get down go toing school. The thought of directing the kids a twelvemonth before other European states was brought up by Mundella. He addressed the parliament and said â€Å" I ask you Englishmen and Englishwomen are Austrian kids to be educated before English kids? † ( National Education League 1869:133 ) National Education League 1869:133 ) Report of the General Meetings of the Members of the National Education League. , Birmingham: National Education League After the Second World War, in Britain, the lessening in household siblings and the shuting down of kindergarten schools had lessened the chance for small kids to play and socialize. At that clip, the Local Education Authorities ( LEAs ) found it difficult to add to the figure of baby's rooms, as the Ministry of Education Circular 8/60 said that there could be no addition in nursery school proviso. The deficit of LEA baby's room topographic points and the uninterrupted addition of parental consciousness in the small kids ‘s well-being and instruction during their childhood, triggered a new kind of nursery proviso, that of baby's room groups. In 1972, the Secretary of State for Education, Ms. Margaret Thatcher presented a White Paper, which planned for nursery twenty-four hours schools to be provided for the small kids. There was no turning back. Nowadays research shows that kids ‘s rights are recognised internationally. These have been acknowledged in most of the states, through both international and national pacts. The most of import Torahs which contributed to the rights of the kids are, The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, Declaration of Human Rights, Children Act 1989, the Education Act 2002, Every Child Matters, and the new Childcare Act 2006 which is wholly devoted to early childhood pattern. Clearly now the kid is an active person who â€Å" can lend to society amongst others, and who are much more competent than we choose to believe, and at much younger ages excessively † . Freeman cited in King, ( 2007:210 ) King, M. ( 2007 ) Children ‘s rights to engagement. In Waller, T. ( 2007 ) An debut to Early Childhood. Paul Chapman: LondonThe Establishment of Laws and Acts in MaltaEducation is the uterus in which our society reproduces itself and re-creates itself for the hereafter. ( Louis Galea Minister of Education, National Minimum Curriculum Malta -1999 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //curriculum.gov.mt/docs/nmc_english.pdf During the 19th and beginning of the 20th century in Malta, the huge bulk of Maltese households besides lived in great poorness. Childhood was non much different for Maltese kids. Boys, at a really early age, were sent to labor in Fieldss to assist their households whilst, misss helped their female parents at place. As the Maltese households were really hapless, the necessity to supply their kids with proper instruction was ne'er considered. During the British stay in Malta, the Governor Sir Henry F. Bouviere ( 1836-42 ) engaged Mr. John Austin the High Commission to make research about the state of affairs of the Maltese households. In the Commissioner ‘s study of 1836, Mrs. Sarah Austin commented on the Maltese kids and stated that: â€Å" The moral and rational part of the people is awful. No schools in the Casals, no tolerable instruction for the middling categories, a University whose first professor received ?25 a twelvemonth, no imperativeness, no topographic point for treatment, no intercourse with the English of an amicable and informative type- what wonder if they are nescient and infantile. The lone thing I can non understand is how life is sustained under these fortunes. †Quoted from Dr. David R. Marshall in History of the Maltese Language in Local Education ( Malta, University Press 1971 ) pg 13In 1849, in Malta there were merely 30 primary schools, whilst in Gozo merely two little schools existed. Sir Patrick Joseph Keenan, the Commissioner who was in charge of composing a study about the instruction of kids in Malta, in 1881 besides suggested ‘payment harmonizing to consequences obtained by kids ‘ . Teachers were paid harmonizing to the consequences, which were obtained by the kid s. These had to sit for an test which was given by the ‘inspector ‘ . This system was used in Malta boulder clay 1900. J. Zammit Mangion provinces ; ‘The dictatorship of reading and authorship and calculation was now complete†¦ The kids were trained like arrow to bark at print ‘ . J Zammit Mangion, in op.cit. p.135. In the early 20th century ( 1927 ) a study was carried out in Malta, and Pawlu F. Bellanti ( 1901 ) stated that, â€Å" the fact that about 50 per cent of the lifting coevals are turning up without any kind of preparation or direction is of excessively serious a nature to be left unnoticed. † Bellanti P.F. , Census of the Maltese Islands taken on the Sunday the 31st March, 1901, under Ordinances no X of 1900 and NoIII of 1901, ( Malta Government Printing Office, 1903 ) p.LVII In 1944 the Education act gave rise to the creative activity of other schools and in 1981 the creative activity of particular educational demands schools. The Education Act in Malta came into force in 1988. It declared that obligatory instruction commences at the age of 5 old ages. It besides declared that it was the duty of every parent of a kid to do certain that their baby had to go to school everyday during the whole scholastic twelvemonth. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.european-agency.org/country-information/malta/national-overview/legal-system It was a interruption through for all the kids. Inclusive instruction was besides a large issue and the Maltese National Minimum Curriculum ( 1999 ) , dedicates a subdivision to early childhood instruction and acknowledges inclusive Education as one of the basic rules in instruction. By contrast to old centuries, a kid with a disablement now attends a mainstream kindergarten, with other kids. In 2000 The Equal Opportunities Act was established in ParliamentInfo. The Equal Opportunities Act ( 2000 ) spoke about inclusion and stated that it was against the jurisprudence for an educational entity to know apart against handicapped kids hypertext transfer protocol: //www.european-agency.org/country-information/malta/national-overview/legal-systemMy memories of childhoodâ€Å" All immature kids have the right to develop optimally to hold their intrinsic worth as human existences recognized and to hold their acquisition installations by caring grownups † Jalango M.R. , Fennimore B.S. , Pattmark. J. , Laverick De Anna M. , Brewster J. , and Mutuku M. ( 2004 ) Blended Positions: A planetary vision ( from ) Early on childhood Education Journal Vol 32, no 3, December 2004 The class of developing the construct of childhood is an on-going uninterrupted pattern. In the twentieth century the most critical alteration in the public assistance of kids was the dramatic reformation in wellness issues and instruction. Governments funded societal benefits which later, enabled the kid to widen his or her life anticipation and to hold a better instruction. Vaccines and medical specialty were administered to extinguish childhood diseases and schools were established all over Europe. However, I was raised up in Gozo, the little sister island of Malta, and traditions were still more dominant. Religion was the chief focal point of the community and households. I attended a convent school run by a spiritual society. The sisters in the baby's room ran the kindergarten school in a really regime manner. We ever started our twenty-four hours with supplications and anthem. Morning lessons started with mathematics and we would declaim over and over once more a set of Numberss. A paragraph from the Holy Bible was read every forenoon by the female parent superior, whilst we subsequently chanted Psalmss until we got them perfect. However, I do n't hold affectionate memories of this school, as I still retrieve the gustatory sensation of pod liver oil which I had to digest as a ‘compulsory daintiness ‘ . I was ne'er allowed to larn through geographic expedition or drama. No stimulating or originative activities were introduced. However an enriched nurturing environment was provided at place. My childhood memories at place with my household are both memorable and positive. A balanced life was maintained where my emotional and physical basic demands were provided and catered for. Like a sponge I absorbed the basic foundations of maturity which finally helped me take duties of a parent. My parents provided me with love, instruction, protection and were my role-models. Fantastic odors filled our house and my place was a topographic point of comfort and love. As a kid I remember holding completed my prep, embarking outside and playing in the empty streets. It was traditional to play in the quiet backstreets. We invented new games and played ‘hopscotch ‘ , ‘catch ‘ , ‘hide and seek ‘or beads and marbles. We engaged ourselves in ‘miniature grownup ‘ function and we played for really long periods without any grownup ‘s supervising or intervention. This playing in the street allowed me to increase my creativeness, develop my leading and enabled me to work as a group. It is through drama that I interacted with the universe around me. It brought out the maximal potency of my childhood ‘s development – intellectually, physically, socially and emotionally. Childhood at the bend of the 20 first century Paradoxically, at the bend of the 20 first century, history is reiterating itself. It is deserving reflecting, that we are rekindling the thoughts of past innovators and later go throughing them on as our ain â€Å" new † thoughts. This is supported by Rosemary Peacocke ( 1999 ) , when she stated that it is a affair of â€Å" old vino in new bottles, old Plasticine in new forms † . She continues to prolong her positions by stating that history comes as a â€Å" round way † . Whilst Cathy Nutbrown ( 2010 ) besides supports this thought and claims that â€Å" nil is new, thoughts merely repeat † . I ask, do we larn from history, or do we perpetrate the same errors? Lesley Abbott and Helen Moylett ( 1999 ) Early Education Transformed. London: Palmer PressCathy Nutbrown, Peter Clough, Philip Selbie ( 2010 ) Early on Childhood Education History Philosphy and Experience. London: Sage Publications BibliographyResearch workers of the hereafter will maintain mentioning to the instructions of past philosophers, in hope of accomplishing the perfect consequence for the optimum upbringing of kids, that of nurturing, and educating each kid to achieve his or her maximal possible through her childhood â€Å" It is indispensable to hold a better conceptual articulation of what good early childhood instruction is, with appropriate appraisal and rating, which does non cut across its valuable traditions † . ( Bruce, 1997, p.204 ) Bruce, T. ( 1997 ) Early on Childhood Education London, Hodder & A ; Stoughton Ironically many of the thoughts that shaped the kids ‘s features of past century still use today. Children still work, the difference being, that sometimes they do odd occupations to gain excess pocket money to purchase new entertaining engineerings. Girls are non needed as ‘little mas ‘ anymore, but play practical households on the computing machine. Since the beginning of indoor activities such as computer/ picture games, and telecasting, serious concerns have evolved about childhood-life. The freedom of childhood which was so much believed in, and encouraged by early innovators is being now endangered by the fright of development of new engineerings. Today the modern construct of childhood is that society position kids as â€Å" societal existences, active in the building of their ain worlds and subjectivenesss and hence potentially active in the building and deconstruction of dominant political orientations † ( Cole, 2004, p.6 ) Cole, M ( 2004 ) † Time to Emancipate the Mind: primary Schools in the New Century † Primary Teaching Studies, August 2004, Trentham Books Life for kids is once more being restricted, as now they live in big blocks of flats, with small infinite or clip to be originative. Much can be debated about the continued being of kids ‘s street civilization which reigned supreme during my childhood! Is this ‘golden epoch ‘ for kids? Decision Despite all this, in this exciting clip of uninterrupted development, I have to acknowledge that this century is offering kids in their early old ages, better public assistance and acquisition chances, which are appropriate to their single demands. The attitude of society towards the construct of childhood throughout the centuries has changed in a positive manner, and society presents perceives childhood as an of import factor in a kid ‘s life. Unlike kids of past ages, now have position in society and are persons. Qvortrup, ( 1994 ) besides supports this fact by stating that â€Å" Childs today are no longer seen as uncomplete grownups non yet able to take part in societal life, but as co-constructors of childhood and society † Qvortrup, J. , M. Bardy, G. Sgritta and H. Wintersberger ( 1994 ) Childhood Matters: Social Theory, Practice and Politics. Aldershot: Avebury.